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Adams, Alyce, Stephen Soumerai, and Dennis Ross-Degnan. 2001a. "The Case for a Medicare Drug Coverage Benefit: A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence." Annual Review of Public Health 22(1):49–61.[Medline]
Adams, Alyce, Stephen Soumerai, and Dennis Ross-Degnan. 2001b. "Use of Antihypertensive Drugs among Medicare Enrollees: Does Type of Drug Coverage Matter" Health Affairs 20(1):276–86.
Arellano, Manuel, and Stephen Bond. 1991. "Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations." Review of Economic Studies 58(2):277–97.
Becker, Gary, and Kevin Murphy. 1988. "A Theory of Rational Addiction." American Economic Review 96(4):675–700.
Becker, Gary, Michael Grossman, and Kevin Murphy. 1994. "An Empirical Analysis of Cigarette Addiction." American Economic Review 84(3):396–418.
Bhargava, Alok, and John Sargan. 1983. "Estimating Dynamic Random Effects Models From Panel Data Covering Short Time Periods." Econometrica 51(6):1635–59.
Blau, David, and Donna Gilleskie. 2001. "Retiree Health Insurance and Labor Force Behavior of Older Men in the 1990’s." Review of Economics and Statistics 83(1):60–84.
Blau, David, and Donna Gilleskie. 2008. "The Role of Retiree Health Insurance in the Employment Behavior of Older Males." International Economic Review 49(2):475–514.
Blau, David, and Alison Hagy. 1998. "The Demand for Quality in Child Care." Journal of Political Economy 106(1):104–46.
Blustein, Jeffrey. 2000. "Drug Coverage and Drug Purchases by Medicare Beneficiaries with Hypertension." Health Affairs 19(2):219–30.[Abstract]
Case, Anne, and Christina Paxson. 2005. "Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality." Demography 42(2):189–214.[Medline]
Chan, Tat, and Barton Hamilton. 2006. "Learning, Private Information, and the Economic Evaluation of Randomized Experiments." Journal of Political Economy 114(6):997–1040.
Crawford, Greg, and Matthew Shum. 2005. "Uncertainty and Learning in Pharmaceutical Demand," Econometrica 73(4):1135–74.
Culler, Steven, Michael Parchman, and Michael Przybylski. 1998. "Factors Related to Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations Among the Elderly." Medical Care 36(6):804–17.[Medline]
Cutler, David. 1995. "The Incidence of Adverse Medical Outcomes under Prospective Payment." Econometrica 63(1):29–50.
Cutler, David. 2001. "Declining Disability among the Elderly." Health Affairs 20(6):11–28.
Davis, Morris, and E. Michael Foster. 2005. "A Stochastic Dynamic Model of the Mental Health of Children," International Economic Review 46(3):837–66.
Federman, Alex, Alyce Adams, Dennis Ross-Degnan, Stephen Soumerai, and John Ayanian. 2001. "Supplemental Insurance and Use of Effective Cardiovascular Drugs among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries with Coronary Heart Disease." Journal of the American Medical Association 286(14):1732–39.
Feldman, Roger, Michael Finch, Bryan Dowd, and Steven Cassou. 1989. "The Demand for Employment-Based Health Insurance Plans." The Journal of Human Resources 24(1): 115–42.
Ferrucci, Luigi, Jack Guralnik, Marco Pahor, Chiara Corti, and Richard Havlik. 1997. "Hospital Diagnoses, Medicare Charges, and Nursing Home Admissions in the Year When Older Persons Become Severely Disabled." Journal of the American Medical Association 277(9):728–34.
Fillenbaum, Gerda, Joseph Hanlon, Elizabeth Corder, Thandi Ziqubu-Page, William Wall, and Dwight Brock. 1993. "Prescription and Nonprescription Drug Use among Black and White Community-Residing Elderly." American Journal of Public Health 83(11):1577–82.
Fireman, Bruce, Joan Bartlett, and Joe Selby. 2004. "Can Disease Management Reduce Health Care Costs By Improving Quality?" Health Affairs 23(6):63–75.
Goldman, Dana. 1995. "Managed Care as a Public Cost Containment Mechanism." RAND Journal of Economics 26(2):277–95.
Gilleskie, Donna. 1998. "A Dynamic Stochastic Model of Medical Care Use and Work Absence." Econometrica 66(1):1–45.
Gowrisankaran, Gautum, and Robert Town. 2004. "Managed Care, Drug Benefit and Mortality: An Analysis of the Elderly." NBER Working Paper No. 10204.
Grossman, Michael. 1972. "On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health." Journal of Political Economy 80(2):223–55.
Heckman, James, and Burton Singer. 1983. "A Method for Minimizing the Impact of Distributional Assumptions in Econometric Models for Duration Data." Econometrica 52(2):271–320.
Johnson, Richard E., Michael Goodman, Mark Hornbook, and Michael Eldredge. 1997. "The Impact of Increasing Patient Prescription Drug Cost-Sharing on Therapeutic Classes of Drugs Received and on the Health Status of Elderly HMO Members." Health Services Research 32(1):103–22.[Medline]
Khwaja, Ahmed. 2001. "Health Insurance, Habits and Health Outcomes: A Dynamic Stochastic Model of Investment in Health," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Kreider, Brent, and Regina Riphahn. 2000. "Explaining Applications to the U.S. Disability System—A Semiparametric Approach." Journal of Human Resources 35(1):82–115.
Lichtenberg, Frank. 2005. "The Impact of New Drug Launches on Longevity: Evidence from Longitudinal Disease-Level Data from 52 Countries, 1982–2001." International Journal of Healthcare Finance and Economics 5(1): 47–53.
Lillard, Lee, Jeanette Rogowski, and Raynard Kington. 1999. "Insurance Coverage for Prescription Drugs: Effects on Use and Expenditures in the Medicare Population." Medical Care 37(3):926–36.[Medline]
Long, Scott. 1994. "Prescription Drugs and the Elderly: Issues and Options." Health Affairs 13(2):157–74.[Abstract]
Mays, Glen, and Edward C. Norton. 2000. "Managed Care Contracting and Medical Care for the Uninsured: Untangling Selection from Production." Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology 1(3–4):305–34.
McFadden, Daniel. 2006. "Free Markets and Fettered Consumers." American Economic Review 96(1):5–29.
Mello, Michelle, Sally Stearns, and Edward C. Norton. 2002. "Do Medicare HMOs Still Reduce Health Services Use after Controlling for Selection Bias?" Health Economics 11(4):323–40.[Medline]
Mroz, Thomas. 1999. "Discrete Factor Approximation in Simultaneous Equation Models: Estimating the Impact of a Dummy Endogenous Variable on a Continuous Outcome." Journal of Econometrics 92(2):233–74.[Medline]
Poisal, John., and Lauren Murray. 2001. "Growing Differences between Medicare Beneficiaries with and without Drug Coverage." Health Affairs 20(2):75–85.
Poisal, John, Lauren Murray, George Chulis, and Barbara Cooper. 1999. "Prescription Drug Coverage and Spending for Medicare Beneficiaries." Health Care Financing Review 20(3):15–25.[Medline]
Reeder, Eugene, and Arthur Nelson. 1985. "The Differential Impact of Copayment on Drug Use in a Medicaid Population." Inquiry 22(4):396–403.[Medline]
Rogowski, Jeanette, Lee Lillard, and Raynard Kington. 1997. "The Financial Burdens of Prescription Drug Use among Elderly Persons." Gerontologist 37(4):475–82.
Soumerai, Stephen, Jerry Avorn, Dennis Ross-Degnan, and S. Fortmaker. 1987. "Payment Restrictions for Prescription Drugs under Medicaid: Effect on Therapy, Cost, and Equity." New England Journal of Medicine 317(9):550–56.[Abstract]
Soumerai, Stephen, Thomas McLaughlin, Dennis Ross-Degnan, Christina Casteris, and Paola Bollini. 1994. "Effects of Limiting Medicaid Drug-Reimbursement Benefits on the Use of Psychotropic Agents and Acute Mental Health Services by Patients with Schizophrenia." New England Journal of Medicine 331(10):650–55.
Soumerai, Stephen, and Dennis Ross-Degnan. 1990. "Experience of State Drug Benefit Program." Health Affairs 9:36–54.[Medline]
Soumerai, Stephen, and Dennis Ross-Degnan. 1999. "Inadequate Prescription Drug Coverage for Medicare Enrollees–a Call to Action." New England Journal of Medicine 340(9):722–28.
Soumerai, Stephen, Dennis Ross-Degnan, J. Avorn, T McLaughlin, and I. Choodnovskiy. 1991. "Effects of Medicaid Drug-Payment Limits on Admission to Hospitals and Nursing Homes." New England Journal of Medicine 325:1072–77.[Abstract]
Stearns, Sally, and Edward C. Norton. 2004. "Time to Include Time to Death? The Future of Health Care Expenditure Predictions." Health Economics 13(4):315–27.[Medline]
Stearns, Sally, Edward C. Norton, and Zhou Yang. 2007. "How Age and Disability Affect Long-term Care Expenditures in the United States." Social Policy and Society 6(3):367–78.
Steinman, Michael, Laura Sands, and Kenneth Covinsky. 2001. "Self-Restriction of Medications Due to Cost in Seniors without Prescription Coverage: A National Survey." Journal of General Internal Medicine 16(12):793–99.[Medline]
Stuart, Bruce, and N. Edward Coulson. 1993. "Dynamic Aspects of Prescription Drugs Use in an Elderly Population." Health Services Research 28(2):237–64.[Medline]
Stuart, Bruce, and N. Edward Coulson. 1994. "Use of Outpatient Drugs as Death Approaches." Health Care Finance Review 15: 63–82.
Stuart, Bruce, and James Grana. 1995. "Are Prescribed and over-the-Counter Medicines Economic Substitutes? A Study of the Effects of Health Insurance on Medicine Choices by the Elderly." Medical Care 33(5):487–501.[Medline]
Tamblyn, Robyn, Rejean Laprise, James Hanley, Michael Abrahamowicz, Susan Scott, Nancy Mayor, Jerry Hurley, Roland Grad, Eric Latimer, Robert Perreault, . 2001. "Adverse Events Associated with Prescription Drug Cost-Sharing among Poor and Elderly Persons." Journal of the American Medical Association 285(4):421–29.
Wolff, Jennifer, Barbara Starfield, and Gerard Anderson. 2002. "Prevalence, expenditures, and complications of multiple chronic conditions in the elderly." Archives of Internal Medicine 162(20):2269–76.
Yang, Zhou, Edward C. Norton, and Sally Stearns. 2003. "Longevity and Health Care Expenditures: The Real Reasons Older People Spend More." Journal of Gerontology: Social Science 58(1): S2–S10.
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