The Gender Pay Gap Beyond Human Capital

References

1. ↵
   1. Antecol Heather

   . 2010. “The Opt-Out Revolution: Recent Trends in Female Labor Supply.” Working paper.
2. ↵
   1. Altonji Joseph G.,
   2. Blank Rebecca

   . 1999. “Race and Gender in the Labor Market.” Handbook of Labor Economics 3C. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
3. ↵
   1. Arcidiacono Peter,
   2. Cooley Jane,
   3. Hussey Andrew

   . 2007. “The Economic Returns to an MBA.” International Economic Review 49(3):873–99.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Bartlett Robin L.,
   2. Miller Timothy I.

   1985. “Executive Compensation: Female Executives and Networking,” American Economics Review 75(2):266–70.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Becker Gary S.

   1964. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, With Special Reference to Education. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993 edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
6. ↵
   1. Belkin Lisa

   . 2003. “The Opt-Out Revolution.” New York Times Magazine, October 26, pp. 43–86.
7. ↵
   1. Bertrand Marianne,
   2. Goldin Claudia,
   3. Katz Lawrence

   . 2009. “Dynamics of the Gender Gap for Young Professionals in the Corporate and Financial Sectors.” NBER Working Paper No. w14681.
8. ↵
   1. Blau Francine D.,
   2. Kahn Lawrence M.

   1997. “Swimming Upstream: Trends in Gender Wage Differentials in the 1980s.” Journal of Labor Economics 15(1 Part 1):1–24.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
9. ↵
   1. Blinder Alan S

   . 1973. “Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates.” Journal of Human Resources 8(4):436–55.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
10. ↵
    1. Booth Alison

    . 2009. “Gender and Competition.” Labour Economics 16(6):599–606.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
11. ↵
    1. Boraas Stephanie,
    2. Rodgers William M. III.

    . 2003. “How Does Gender Play a Role in the Earnings Gap? An Update.” Monthly Labor Review, March 2003, pp. 9–15.
12. ↵
    1. Borghans Lex,
    2. Duckworth Angela L.,
    3. Heckman James J.,
    4. ter Weel Bas

    . 2008. “The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits.” Journal of Human Resources 43(4):972–1059.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
13. ↵
    1. Bowles Samuel,
    2. Gintis Herbert,
    3. Osborne Melissa

    . 2001. “The Determinants of Earnings: A Behavioral Approach,” Journal of Economic Literature 39(4):1137–76.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
14. ↵
    1. Braakmann Nils

    . 2009. “The Role of Psychological Traits for the Gender Gap in Employment and Wages: Evidence from Germany.” DIW Discussions Paper, German Institute of Economic Research (DIW), Berlin.
15. ↵
    1. Brown Charles,
    2. Corcoran Mary

    . 1997. “Sex-Based Differences in School Content and the Male-Female Wage Gap.” Journal of Labor Economics 15(3):431–65.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
16. ↵
    1. Carneiro Pedro,
    2. Heckman James J.

    2003. “Human Capital Policy.” In Inequality in America: What Role for Human Capital Policies? ed. Heckman James J., Krueger Alan B. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
17. ↵
    1. Chevalier Arnaud

    . 2007. “Education, Occupation and Career Expectations: Determinants of the Gender Pay Gap for U.K. Graduates.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 69(6):819–42.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
18. ↵
    1. Cotton Jeremiah

    . 1988. “On the Decomposition of Wage Differentials.” Review of Economics and Statistics 70(2):236–43.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. ↵
    1. Croson Rachel,
    2. Gneezy Uri

    . 2009. “Gender Differences in Preferences.” Journal of Economic Literature 47(2):448–74.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. ↵
    1. Daymont Thomas,
    2. Andrisani Paul

    . 1984. “Job Preferences, College Major, and the Gender Gap in Earnings.” Journal of Human Resources 19(3):408–28.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
21. ↵
    1. De Vise Daniel

    . 2009. “New Index Will Score Graduate Students’ Personality Traits,” Washington Post, July 10.
22. ↵
    1. Fortin Nicole M

    . 2008. “The Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults in the United States.” Journal of Human Resources 43(4):884–918.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
23. ↵
    1. Gelbach Jonah B.

    2009. “When Do Covariates Matter? And Which Ones, and How Much?” Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1425737.
24. ↵
    1. Goldin Claudia,
    2. Katz Lawrence F.

    2008. “Transitions: Career and Family Life Cycles of the Educational Elite.” American Economic Review Papers & Proceedings 2008, 98(2):363–69.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
25. ↵
    1. Goldin Claudia,
    2. Polachek Solomon

    . 1987. “Residual Differences by Sex: Perspectives on the Gender Gap in Earnings.” American Economic Review 77(2):143–51.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
26. ↵
    1. Goldin Claudia,
    2. Rouse Cecilia

    . 2000. “Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female Musicians.” American Economic Review 90(4):715–41.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
27. ↵
    1. Graddy Kathryn,
    2. Pistaferri Luigi

    . 2000. “Wage Differences by Gender: Evidence from Recently Graduated MBAs.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 62(Supplement s1): 837–54.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
28. ↵
    1. Graham Mary E.,
    2. Hotchkiss Julie L.,
    3. Gerhart Barry

    . 2000. “Discrimination by Parts: a Fixed-Effects Analysis of Starting Pay Differences across Genders.” Eastern Economic Journal 26(1):9–27.

    OpenUrl
29. ↵
    1. Grove Wayne A.,
    2. Hussey Andrew

    . 2011. “Returns to Field of Study versus School Quality: MBA Selection on Observed and Unobserved Heterogeneity.” Economic Inquiry 49(3):730–49.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
30. ↵
    1. Groves Melissa Osborne

    . 2005. “How Important is your Personality? Labor Market Returns to Personality for Women in the U.S. and U.K.” Journal of Economic Psychology 26(6):827–41.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. ↵
    1. Heckman James J.,
    2. Stixrud Jora,
    3. Urzua Sergio

    . 2006. “The Effects of Cognitive and Noncognitive Abilities on Labor Market Outcomes and Social Behavior.” Journal of Labor Economics 24(3):411–82.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
32. ↵
    1. Herr Jane,
    2. Wolfram Catherine D.

    2009. “Opt-Out Rates at Motherhood across High-Education Career Paths: Selection versus Work Environment.” NBER working paper No. 14717, February 2009.
33. ↵
    1. Hill Catherine,
    2. Silva Elena

    . 2005. “Public Perceptions of the Pay Gap.” American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, April 19.
34. ↵
    1. Joy Lois

    . 2003. “Salaries of Recent Male and Female College Graduates: Educational and Labor Market Effects.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56(4):606–21.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
35. ↵
    1. Lemieux Thomas

    . 2006. “Increasing Residual Wage Inequality: Composition Effects, Noisy Data, or Rising Demand for Skill?” American Economic Review 96(3):461–98.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
36. ↵
    1. Leonhardt David

    . 2010. “A Labor Market Punishing to Mothers.” New York Times, August 3, p. B1.
37. ↵
    1. Long James E.

    1995. “The Effects of Tastes and Motivation on Individual Income.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48(2):338–51.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
38. ↵
    1. MacPherson David,
    2. Hirsch Barry

    . 1995. “Wages and Gender Composition: Why Do Women’s Jobs Pay Less.” Journal of Labor Economics 13(3):426–71.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
39. ↵
    1. McDonald Judith A.,
    2. Thornton Robert J.

    2007. “Do New Male and Female College Graduates Receive Unequal Pay?” Journal of Human Resources 42(1):32–48.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
40. ↵
    1. Montgomery Mark

    . 2002. “A Nested Logit Model of the Choice of a Graduate Business School.” Economics of Education Review 21(5):471–80.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
41. ↵
    1. Montgomery Mark,
    2. Powell Irene

    . 2003. “Does an Advanced Degree Reduce the Gender Wage Gap? Evidence from MBAs.” Industrial Relations 42(3):396–418.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
42. ↵
    1. Montmarquette Claude,
    2. Cannings Kathy,
    3. Mahseredjian Sophie

    . 2002. “How do Young People Choose College Majors?” Economics of Education Review 21(6):543–56.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
43. ↵
    1. Mueller Gerrit,
    2. Plug Erik

    . 2006. “Estimating the Effect of Personality on Male and Female Earnings.” Industrial & Labor Relations Review 60(1):3–22.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
44. ↵
    1. Murnane Richard J.,
    2. Willett John B.,
    3. Braatz M. Jay,
    4. Duhaldeborde Yves

    . 2001. “Do Different Dimensions of Male High School Students’ Skills Predict Labor Market Success a Decade Later? Evidence from the NLSY.” Economics of Education Review 20(4):311–20.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
45. ↵
    1. Neumark David

    . 1988. “Employers’ Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination.” Journal of Human Resources 23(3):279–95.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
46. ↵
    1. Neumark David,
    2. Bank Roy J.,
    3. Van Nort Kyle D.

    1996. “Sex Discrimination in Restaurant Hiring: An Audit Study.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 111(3):915–41.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
47. ↵
    1. Noonan Mary C.,
    2. Corcoran Mary E.,
    3. Courant Paul N.

    2005. “Pay Differences among the Highly Trained: Cohort Differences in the Sex Gap in Lawyers’ Earnings.” Social Forces 84(2): 853–72.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
48. ↵
    1. Oaxaca Ronald L.

    1973. “Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets.” International Economic Review 14(3):693–709.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
49. ↵
    1. Oi Walter Y.,
    2. Idson Todd L.

    1999. “Firm Size and Wages.” Handbook of Labor Economics 3(2):2165–2214.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
50. ↵
    1. Paglin Morton,
    2. Rufolo Anthony

    . 1990. “Heterogeneous Human Capital, Occupational Choice, and Male-Female Earnings Differences Heterogeneous Human Capital, Occupational Choice, and Male-Female Earnings Differences.” Journal of Labor Economics 8(1):123–44.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
51. ↵
    1. Polachek Solomon W.

    2006. “How the Human Capital Model Explains Why the Gender Wage Gap Narrowed.” In The Declining Significance of Gender? ed. Blau Francine D., Brinton Mary C., Grusky David B., 2006. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications.
52. ↵
    1. Polachek Solomon W.,
    2. Kim Moon-Kak

    . 1994. “Panel Estimates of Male-Female Earnings Functions.” Journal of Human Resources 29(2):406–28.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
53. ↵
    1. Reimers Cordelia W.

    1983. “Labor Market Discrimination Against Hispanic and Black Men.” Review of Economics and Statistics 65(4):570–79.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
54. ↵
    1. Roberts Brent W.,
    2. Kuncel Nathan R.,
    3. Shiner Rebecca,
    4. Caspi Avshalom,
    5. Goldberg Lewis R.

    2007. “The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 2(4):313–45.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
55. ↵
    1. Semykina Anastasia,
    2. Linz Susan J.

    2007. “Gender Differences in Personality and Earnings: Evidence from Russia.” Journal of Economic Psychology 28(3):387–410.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
56. ↵
    1. Stone Pamela

    . 2007. Opting Out? Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home. Berkeley: University of California Press.
57. 1. Ter Weel Bas

    . 2008. “The Noncognitive Determinants of Labor Market and Behavioral Outcomes: Introduction to the Symposium.” Journal of Human Resources 43(4):729–37.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
58. ↵
    1. Thiel Hendrik,
    2. Thomsen Stephan L.

    2009. “Noncognitive Skills in Economics: Models, Measurement, and Empirical Evidence.” Centre for European Economic Research, Discussion Paper No. 09–076.
59. ↵
    1. Urzua S.

    2008. “Racial Labor Market Gaps: The Role of Abilities and Schooling Choices,” Journal of Human Resources 43(4):919–71.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
60. ↵
    1. Weinberger Catherine

    . 1998. “Race and Gender Wage Gaps in the Market for Recent College Graduates.” Industrial Relations 37(1):76–84.

    OpenUrl
61. ↵
    1. Wood Robert G.,
    2. Corcoran Mary E.,
    3. Courant Paul N.

    1993. “Pay Differences among the Highly Paid: The Male-Female Earnings Gap in Lawyers’ Salaries.” Journal of Labor