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Research ArticleArticles

Gender Differences in Cognition among Older Adults in China

Xiaoyan Lei, Yuqing Hu, John J. McArdle, James P. Smith and Yaohui Zhao
Journal of Human Resources, October 2012, 47 (4) 951-971; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.47.4.951
Xiaoyan Lei
Xiaoyan Lei is a professor of economics at Peking University. Yuqing Hu is a professor of economics at Duke University. John J. McArdle is a professor of economics at the University of Southern California. James P. Smith is a senior economist at the RAND Corporation. Yaohui Zhao is a professor of economics at Peking University
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Yuqing Hu
Xiaoyan Lei is a professor of economics at Peking University. Yuqing Hu is a professor of economics at Duke University. John J. McArdle is a professor of economics at the University of Southern California. James P. Smith is a senior economist at the RAND Corporation. Yaohui Zhao is a professor of economics at Peking University
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John J. McArdle
Xiaoyan Lei is a professor of economics at Peking University. Yuqing Hu is a professor of economics at Duke University. John J. McArdle is a professor of economics at the University of Southern California. James P. Smith is a senior economist at the RAND Corporation. Yaohui Zhao is a professor of economics at Peking University
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James P. Smith
Xiaoyan Lei is a professor of economics at Peking University. Yuqing Hu is a professor of economics at Duke University. John J. McArdle is a professor of economics at the University of Southern California. James P. Smith is a senior economist at the RAND Corporation. Yaohui Zhao is a professor of economics at Peking University
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Yaohui Zhao
Xiaoyan Lei is a professor of economics at Peking University. Yuqing Hu is a professor of economics at Duke University. John J. McArdle is a professor of economics at the University of Southern California. James P. Smith is a senior economist at the RAND Corporation. Yaohui Zhao is a professor of economics at Peking University
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Abstract

In this paper, we model gender differences in cognitive ability in China using a new sample of middle-aged and older Chinese respondents. Modeled after the American Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the CHARLS Pilot survey respondents are 45 years and older in two quite distinct provinces—Zhejiang, a high-growth industrialized province on the East Coast, and Gansu, a largely agricultural and poor province in the West—in a sense new and old China. Our cognition measures proxy for two different dimensions of adult cognition—episodic memory and intact mental status. On both measures, Chinese women score much lower than do Chinese men, a gender difference that grows among older Chinese cohorts. We relate both these cognition scores to schooling, urban residence, family and community levels of economic resources, and height. We find that cognition is more closely related to mean community resources than to family resources, especially for women, suggesting that in traditional poor Chinese communities there are strong economic incentives to favor boys at the expense of girls. We also find that these gender differences in cognitive ability have been steadily decreasing across birth cohorts as the economy of China grew rapidly. Among cohorts of young adults in China, there is no longer any gender disparity in cognitive ability. This parallels the situation in the United States where cognition scores of adult women actually exceed those of adult men.

  • Accepted February 2012.
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Journal of Human Resources: 47 (4)
Journal of Human Resources
Vol. 47, Issue 4
2 Oct 2012
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Gender Differences in Cognition among Older Adults in China
Xiaoyan Lei, Yuqing Hu, John J. McArdle, James P. Smith, Yaohui Zhao
Journal of Human Resources Oct 2012, 47 (4) 951-971; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.47.4.951

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Gender Differences in Cognition among Older Adults in China
Xiaoyan Lei, Yuqing Hu, John J. McArdle, James P. Smith, Yaohui Zhao
Journal of Human Resources Oct 2012, 47 (4) 951-971; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.47.4.951
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Data
    • III. Empirical Models
    • IV. Secular Trends in Gender Differences in Cognition in China
    • V. Conclusions
    • Appendix
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    • References
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