The Motherhood Earnings Dip: Evidence from Administrative Records

References

1. ↵
   1. Adserà Alicia

   . 2004 “Changing Fertility Rates in Developed Countries. The Impact of Labor Market Institutions.” Journal of Population Economics 17(1):17–43.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
2. ↵
   1. Adserà Alicia

   . 2005. “Where are the Babies? Labor Market Conditions and Fertility in Europe.” IZA Discussion Paper 1576.
3. ↵
   1. Ahn Namkee,
   2. Pedro Mira

   . 2001. “Job Bust, Baby Bust?: Evidence from Spain.” Journal of Population Economics 14(3):505–21.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
4. ↵
   1. Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina,
   2. Jeanne Kimmel

   . 2005. “The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States: The Importance of College and Fertility Delay.” Review of Economics of the Household 3(1):17–48.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
5. ↵
   1. Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina,
   2. Serrano-Padial Ricardo

   . 2007. “Wage Growth Implications of Fixed-Term Employment: An Analysis by Contract Duration and Job Mobility.” Labour Economics 14(5):829–47.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
6. ↵
   1. Anderson Deborah J,
   2. Binder Melissa,
   3. Krause Kate

   . 2002. “The Motherhood Wage Penalty: Which Mothers Pay it and Why?” American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 92(3):354–58.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
7. ↵
   1. Anderson Deborah J,
   2. Binder Melissa,
   3. Krause Kate

   . 2003. “The Motherhood Wage Penalty Revisited: Experience, Heterogeneity, Work Effort and Work-Schedule Flexibility.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56(2):273–94.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
8. ↵
   1. Angrist Joshua,
   2. Evans William

   . 1998. “Children and Their Parents' Labor Supply: Evidence from Exogenous Variation in Family Size.” American Economic Review 88(3):450–77.

   OpenUrlWeb of Science
9. ↵
   1. Baizan Pau

   . 2009. “Regional Childcare Availability and Fertility Decisions in Spain.” Demographic Research 21(27):803–42.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
10. ↵
    1. Baum Charles L

    . 2002. “The Effect of Work Interruptions on Women's Wages.” Labour 16(1):1–36.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
11. ↵
    1. Beblo Miriam,
    2. Bender Stefan,
    3. Wolf Elke

    . 2009. “Establishment-Level Wage Effects of Entering Motherhood.” Oxford Economic Papers 61(S1):11–34.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
12. ↵
    1. Becker Gary S

    . 1985. “Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division of Labor.” Journal of Labor Economics 3(2):33–58.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. ↵
    1. Becker Gary S.

    1991. A Treatise on the Family, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
14. ↵
    1. Beninger Denis

    . 2005. “Emploi et social en France: Description et Evaluation.” ZEW Documentation 03–05. Unpublished.
15. ↵
    1. Bentolila Samuel,
    2. Dolado Juan J,
    3. Franz Wolfgang,
    4. Pissarides Christopher

    . 1994. “Labour Flexibility and Wages: Lessons from Spain.” Economic Policy 18(2):55–99.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Bertola Giuseppe,
    2. Blau Francine D.,
    3. Kahn Lawrence M.

    2007. “Labor Market Institutions and Demographic Employment Patterns.” Journal of Population Economics 20(4):833–67.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
17. ↵
    1. Bettio Francesca,
    2. Villa Paola

    . 1998. “A Mediterranean Perspective on the Breakdown of the Relationship Between Participation and Fertility.” Cambridge Journal of Economics. 22 (2):137–71.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
18. ↵
    1. Blanchard Olivier,
    2. Landier Augustin

    . 2002. “The Perverse Effects of Partial Labor Market Reform: Fixed Duration Contracts in France.” The Economic Journal 112(480):214–44.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
19. ↵
    1. Blossfeld Hans-Peter

    . 1997. “Women's Part-Time Employment and the Family Cycle: A Crossnational Comparison.” In Between Equalization and Marginalization: Women Working Part-Time in Europe and the United States of America, Blossfeld Hans-Peter, Hakim Catherine. Oxford University Press.
20. ↵
    1. Bover Olympia,
    2. Gómez Ramón

    . 2004. “Another Look at Unemployment Duration: Exit to a Permanent Job vs. a Temporary Job.” Investigaciones Economicas 28(2):285–314.

    OpenUrl
21. ↵
    1. Brewster Karin L.,
    2. Rindfuss Ronald R.

    2000. “Fertility and Women's Employment in Industrialized Nations.” Annual Review of Sociology 26:271–96.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
22. ↵
    1. Bronars Stephen,
    2. Grogger Jeff

    . 1994. “The Economic Consequences of Unwed Motherhood: Using Twin Births as a Natural Experiment.” American Economic Review 84(5):1141–56.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
23. ↵
    1. Budig Michelle J.,
    2. England Paula

    . 2001. “The Wage Penalty for Motherhood.” American Sociological Review 66(2):204–25.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
24. ↵
    1. Cahuc Pierre,
    2. Kramarz Francis

    . 2004. “De la Précarité à la Mobilité: Vers une Sécurité Sociale Professionnelle.” Rapport au Ministre d'Etat, Ministre de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie et au Ministre de l'Emploi, du Travail et de la Cohésion Sociale, Paris.
25. ↵
    1. Cherlin Andrew J.

    2001. “New Developments in the Study of Nonmarital Childbearing.” In Out of Wedlock. Causes and Consequences of Nonmarital Fertility. eds. Wu Lawrence L., Wolfe Barbara, 143–72. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
26. ↵
    1. Connolly Sara,
    2. Gregory Mary

    . 2009. “The Part-Time Pay Penalty: Earnings Trajectories of British Women.” Oxford Economic Papers 61(1):76–97.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
27. ↵
    1. Cristia Julian P

    . 2008. “The Effect of a First Child on Female Labor Supply: Evidence from Women Seeking Fertility Services.” Journal of Human Resources 43(3):487–510.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
28. ↵
    1. Davies Rhys,
    2. Pierre Gaelle

    . 2005. “The Family Gap in Pay in Europe: A Cross-Country Study.” Labour Economics 12(4):469–86.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
29. ↵
    1. Del Boca Daniela

    . 2002. “The Effect of Childcare and Part-Time on Participation and Fertility of Italian Women.” Journal of Population Economics 15(3):549–73.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
30. 1. De la Rica Sara,
    2. Iza Amaia

    . 2005 “Career Planning in Spain: Do Fixed-Term Contracts Delay Marriage and Parenthood?” Review of Economics of the Household 3(1):49–73.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
31. ↵
    1. De Laat Joost,
    2. Sevilla-Sanz Almudena

    . 2011. “The Fertility and Women's Labor Force Participation Puzzle in OECD Countries: The Role of Men's Home Production.” Feminist Economics 17(2):87–119.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
32. ↵
    1. Dolado Juan J,
    2. Garcia-Serrano Carlos,
    3. Jimeno Juan F.

    2002. “Drawing lessons from the boom of temporary jobs in Spain.” Economic Journal 112(480):270–95.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
33. ↵
    1. Dolado Juan J,
    2. Jansen Marcel,
    3. Jimeno Juan F.

    2007. “A Positive Analysis of Targeted Employment Protection Legislation.” B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics 7(1):14.

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. Eichhorst Werner

    . 2007. “The Gradual Transformation of Continental European Labor Markets: France and Germany Compared.” IZA Discussion Paper 2675.
35. ↵
    1. Ellwood David,
    2. Batchelder Lily,
    3. Wilde Elisabeth T.

    2010. “The Mommy Track Divides:The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels. NBER Working Paper 16582. Unpublished.
36. ↵
    1. Estrada Ángel,
    2. Izquierdo Mario,
    3. Lacuesta Aitor

    . 2009. “The Functioning of the Labor Market and Unemployment Growth in Spain.” Economic Bulletin Banco de España 7:105–21.

    OpenUrl
37. ↵
    1. Fernández-Kranz Daniel,
    2. Rodríguez-Planas Núria

    . 2011a. “The Part-Time Penalty in a Segmented Labor Market.” Labour Economics 18(5):591–606.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
38. ↵
    1. Fernández-Kranz Daniel,
    2. Rodríguez-Planas Núria

    . 2011b. “Unintended Effects of a Family-Friendly Law.” IZA Discussion Paper 509,May, 2011.
39. ↵
    1. Feyrer James,
    2. Sacerdote Bruce,
    3. Stern Ariel D

    . 2008. “Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan?” Understanding Fertility within Developed Nations” Journal of Economic Perspectives 22(3):3–22.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
40. ↵
    1. Galdón-Sánchez José E.,
    2. Güell Maia

    . 2003. “Dismissal Conflicts and Unemployment.” European Economic Review 47(2):127–39.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Gangl Markus,
    2. Ziefle Andrea

    . 2009. “Motherhood, Labor Force Behavior and Women's Careers: An Empirical Assessment of the Wage Penalty for Motherhood in Britain, Germany and the U.S.” Demography 46(2):341–69.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
42. ↵
    1. Gauthier Anne

    . 2000. “Public Policies Affecting Fertility and Families in Europe: A Survey of the 15 Member States.” European Observatory on Family Matters Annual Seminar. Unpublished.
43. ↵
    1. Geronimus Arline,
    2. Korenman Sanders

    . 1992. “The Socioeconomic Consequences of Teen Childbearing Reconsidered.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 107(4):1187–1214.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
44. 1. Güell Maia,
    2. Petrongolo Barbara

    . 2007. “How Binding are Legal Limits?: Transitions from Temporary to Permanent Work in Spain.” Labour Economics 14(2):153–83.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
45. ↵
    1. Gutiérrez-Domènech Maria

    . 2005. “Employment Transitions after Motherhood in Spain.” Labour 19(S1):123–48.

    OpenUrl
46. ↵
    1. Herrarte Ainhoa,
    2. Moral-Carcedo Julián,
    3. Sáez Felipe

    . 2007. “The Effect of Fertility on the Decision of Abandoning the Labour Market: The Case of Spain.” Working Papers in Economic Theory 2007/11, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Unpublished.
47. ↵
    1. Hijzen Alexander,
    2. Upward Richard,
    3. Wright Peter W.

    2010. “The Income Losses of Displaced Workers.” Journal of Human Resources 45(1):243–69.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
48. ↵
    1. Hoffman Saul D

    . 1998. “Teenage Childbearing Is Not So Bad After All … Or Is It? A Review of the New Literature.” Family Planning Perspectives 30(5):236–239.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
49. ↵
    1. Hotz V. Joseph,
    2. McElroy Susan. W.,
    3. Sanders Seth. G.

    1997. “The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on the Mothers and the Consequences of Those Impacts for Government.” In Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences, Maynard Rebecca A., eds. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.
50. ↵
    1. Hotz V. Joseph,
    2. McElroy Susan. W,
    3. Sanders Seth G.

    2005. “Teen Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences.” Journal of Human Resources 45(3):683–715.

    OpenUrl
51. ↵
    1. Izquierdo Mario,
    2. Lacuesta Aitor

    . 2012. “The Contribution of Changes in Employment Composition and Relative Returns to the Evolution of Wage Inequality: The Case of Spain.” Journal of Population Economics 25(2):511–43.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
52. ↵
    1. Jacobson Louis,
    2. LaLonde Robert J.,
    3. Sullivan Daniel G

    . 1993. “Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers.” American Economic Review 83(4):685–709.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
53. 1. Kahn Lawrence M

    . 2007. “The Impact of Employment Protection Mandates on Demographic Temporary Employment Patterns: International Microeconomic Evidence.” Economic Journal 117(521):333–56.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
54. 1. Korenman Sanders,
    2. Neumark David

    . 1992. “Marriage, Motherhood, and Wages.” Journal of Human Resources 27(2):233–55.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
55. ↵
    1. Korenman Sanders,
    2. Neumark David

    . 1994. “Sources of Bias in Women's Wage Equations: Results Using Sibling Data.” Journal of Human Resources 29(2):379–405.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
56. ↵
    1. Loughren David,
    2. Zissimopoulos Julie M.

    2009. “Why Wait? The Effect of Marriage and Childbearing on the Wages of Men and Women.” Journal of Human Resources 44(2):326–49.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
57. ↵
    1. Lundberg Shelly,
    2. Rose Elaina

    . 2000. “Parenthood and the Earnings of Married Men and Women.” Labour Economics 7(6):689–710.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
58. ↵
    1. Martínez Carmen,
    2. Bover Olympia,
    3. Velilla Pilar

    . 2005. “La Situación Patrimonial de las Familias Españolas: Una Comparación Microeconómica con Estados Unidos, Italia y Reino Unido.” Boletín Económico Banco de España 4:113–34.

    OpenUrl
59. ↵
    1. Miller Amalia

    . 2011. “The Effects of Motherhood Timing on Career Path.” Journal of Population Economics 24(3):1071–1100.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
60. ↵
    1. Molina José,
    2. Montuenga Víctor

    . 2009. “The Motherhood Wage Penalty in Spain.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues 30(3):237–51.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
61. ↵
    OECD. 2001. “Balancing Work and Family Life: Helping Parents into Paid Employment.” In OECD Employment Outlook.
62. ↵
    OECD. 2002. “Women at Work: Who Are They and How Are They Faring?” In OECD Employment Outlook.
63. ↵
    1. Petrongolo Barbara

    . 2004. “Gender Segregation in Employment Contracts.” Journal of European Economic Association 2(2/3):331–45.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
64. ↵
    1. Rosenzweig Mark,
    2. Wolpin Kenneth

    . 1980. “Life-Cycle Labor Supply and Fertility: Causal Inferences from Household Models.” Journal of Political Economy 88(2):328–48.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
65. ↵
    1. Shapiro David,
    2. Mott Frank M.

    1994. “Long-Term Employment and Earnings of Women in relation to Employment Behavior Surrounding First Birth.” Journal of Human Resources 26(2):248–75.

    OpenUrl
66. ↵
    1. Taniguchi Hiromi

    . 1999. “The Timing of Childbearing and Women's Wages.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 61(4):1008–19.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
67. ↵
    1. Tietze Wolfgang,
    2. Cryer Debby

    . 1999. “Current Trends in European Early Child Care and Education.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 563(1):175–93.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
68. ↵
    1. Waldfogel Jane

    . 1997. “The Effect of Children on Women's Wages.” American Sociological Review 62(2):209–217.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
69. ↵
    1. Waldfogel Jane

    . 1998a. „Understanding the Family Gap in Pay for Women with Children.“ Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(1):137–56.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
70. ↵
    1. Waldfogel Jane

    . 1998b. “The Family Gap for Young Women in the United States and Britain: Can Maternity Leave Make a Difference?” Journal of Labor Economics 16(3):505–45.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
71. ↵
    1. Ziefle Andrea

    . 2004. “The Individual Costs of Parental Leave: An Empirical Analysis of Short- and Longer-Run Consequences for Women's Careers.” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 56:213–31.

    OpenUrlCrossRef