Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Number of Schools by Regional WWII Destruction
Source: Various years of German Municipalities Statistical Yearbook
- Figure 2
Number of Teachers by Regional WWII Destruction
Source: Various years of German Municipalities Statistical Yearbook
- Figure 3
Distance to London and WWII Destruction (First-Stage)
- Figure 4
Postwar per Capita Education Expenditure by WWII Destruction
Source: Various years of German Municipalities Statistical Yearbook
- Figure 5
Postwar per Capita Education Expenditure by Distance to London
Source: Various years of German Municipalities Statistical Yearbook
Tables
All
1High Destruction
2Low Destruction
3Difference
4Rubble in m3 per capita 10.26
(7.53)17.13
(5.12)4.66
(3.37)12 47***
(0.13)Housing units destroyed (%) 33.35
(21.36)50.90
(12.41)19.03
(15.66)31.87***
(3.46)Total bombs in tons 15,34
(18,66)24,35
(22,79)7,99
(9,77)16,36***
(4,09)Area in km2 in 1938 161.06
(189.50)228.79
(246.77)105.82
(98.202)122.97**
(43.69)Population density in 1939 1,785.89
(775.81)1,986.48
(847.81)1,622.25
(679.82)364.23**
(183.85)Income per capita in 1938 458.09
(108.89)498.22
(80.78)410.32
(120.16)87.90***
(9.78)Distance to London in miles 424.58
(87.27)388.33
(72.94)454.14
(87.59)−65.81***
(19.69)Jewish population (%) 1.09
(0.77)1.17
(0.86)0.94
(0.53)0.23
(0.24)N 69 31 38 69 Notes: Data are from the 1939 and 1949 German Municipalities Statistical Yearbooks. The sample consists of Spatial Planning Regions (ROR) in former West Germany. Standard deviations are in parentheses. The sample is divided as above and below destruction using rubble in m3 per capita as a measure of war destruction.
All
1High Destruction
2Low Destruction
3Years of schooling 11.27
(2.32)11.36
(2.37)11.16
(2.24)Has basic education 0.59
(0.49)0.61
(0.49)0.58
(0.49)Has more than basic education 0.15
(0.36)0.16
(0.36)0.15
(0.35)Height (cms) 169.76
(8.75)169.90
(8.67)169.60
(8.84)Mortality 0.23
(0.42)0.23
(0.42)0.21
(0.41)Health satisfaction 0.69
(0.47)0.67
(0.47)0.70
(0.46)Log of hourly wage 8.96
(1.00)8.99
(1.00)8.92
(1.01)Mother with basic education 0.89
(0.31)0.88
(0.32)0.90
(0.29)Father with basic education 0.83
(0.37)0.82
(0.38)0.84
(0.36)Age 44.01
(12.82)43.89
(12.81)44.15
(12.82)Female 0.51
(0.50)0.51
(0.50)0.51
(0.50)Urban 0.58
(0.49)0.63
(0.48)0.52
(0.50)N maximum 3,744 2,073 1,671 Notes: Data are from the 1985 GSOEP. The sample consists of individuals born between 1922 and 1960. Individuals born between 1940 and 1950 are dropped from the analysis since their exposure to WWII destruction is not as clear. Standard deviations are presented in parentheses.
All
1Mother Has a Basic Education or Less
2Father Has a Basic Education or Less
3Mother or Father Have a Basic Education or Less
4Rubble per capita X born 1922-39 −0.0267**
(0.0127)−0.0283**
(0.0133)−0.0290**
(0.0143)−0.0369***
(0.0135)R2 0.171 0.167 0.186 0.175 N 3,702 2,889 2,676 3,012 ↵Notes: Standard errors clustered by region and birth year are shown in parentheses. Asterisks denote significance levels (*=0.10, **=0.05, ***=0.01). The control group is individuals born between 1951 and 1960. Each column controls for region and year fixed effects. Other controls in each regression are gender and rural dummies and the interaction of prewar regional population density with birth year dummies.
Rubble per capita X born 1907–11 0.007
(0.027)Rubble per capita X born 1912–16 −0.024
(0.021)Rubble per capita X born 1917–21 −0.027
(0.020)Rubble per capita X born 1922–24 −0.046**
(0.023)Rubble per capita X born 1925–30 −0.033*
(0.019)Rubble per capita X born 1931–35 −0.041**
(0.021)Rubble per capita X born 1936–39 −0.025
(0.019)Rubble per capita X born 1940–44 −0.023
(0.018)Rubble per capita X born 1945–49 −0.005
(0.022)Rubble per capita X born 1950–54 0.001
(0.022)R2 0.1560 N 6,265 ↵Notes: Standard errors clustered by region and birth are shown in parentheses. Asterisks denote significance levels (*=0.10, **=0.05, ***=0.01). The control group is individuals born between 1955 and 1960. This regression controls for region and year of birth fixed effects and gender and rural dummies.
All
1Mother Has a Basic Education or Less
2Father Has a Basic Education or Less
3Mother or Father Have a Basic Education or Less
4Panel A: Effect of WWII Destruction on Probability of Moving Rubble per capita X born 1922–39 0.002
(0.003)0.005
(0.003)0.004
(0.003)0.005
(0.003)R2 0.112 0.125 0.134 0.122 N 3,700 2,890 2,675 3,013 Panel B: Nonmovers Only Rubble per capita X born 1922–39 −0.035***
(0.013)−0.034**
(0.015)−0.026*
(0.015)−0.038**
(0.015)R2 0.212 0.207 0.237 0.214 N 2,025 1,621 1,530 1,690 Panel C: Control Experiment Rubble per capita X born 1907–11 0.004
(0.025)0.029
(0.028)0.009
(0.026)0.029
(0.028)R2 0.305 0.323 0.32 0.31 N 644 491 466 499 ↵Notes: Standard errors clustered by region and birth year are shown in parentheses. Asterisk denote significance levels (*=0.10, **=0.05, ***=0.01). Each column controls for region and birth-year fixed effects. Other controls in each regression are gender and rural dummies and the interaction of prewar regional population density with birthyear dummies. Individuals are coded as movers if they report that they no longer reside in their childhood area.
Second-Stage
1Reduced-Form
2Rubble per capita X born 1922–39 −0.0516**
(0.0218)Distance to London X born 1922–39 0.0023**
(0.0010)First-Stage Dependent Variable: Rubble per Capita X born 1922–39 Distance to London X born 1922–39 −0.0443***
(0.0023)Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald statistics 1,196.14 Anderson-Rubin Wald test (Chi-square) 5.67 Stock-Wright LM S statistic 5.53 N 3,702 ↵Notes: Standard errors clustered by region and birth year are shown in parentheses. Asterisks denote significance levels (*=0.10, **=0.05, ***=0.01). The control group is individuals born between 1951 and 1960. The identifying instrument for regional war destruction is region’s distance to London. Each column controls for region and birth-year fixed effects. Other controls in each regression are gender and rural dummies and the interaction of prewar regional population density with birth-year dummies.
State Trends
(1)Source of Fleterogeneity Destruction Measure Males Only
(2)Urban Area Only
(3)Top Quartile Destruction
(4)Parent Died During WWII
5Father Fought in WWII
6School Destruction
7Missing Teachers
8Number of Years Exposed
9Rubble per capita X born 1922–39 −0.0262**
(0.0127)−0.0423**
(0.0187)−0.0404**
(0.0178)−0.7575***
(0.2434)−0.0276**
(0.0127)−0.0245*
(0.0138)−0.0243*
(0.0130)−0.0251**
(0.0129)Mother died during WWII −0.6602***
(0.2062)−0.6859***
(0.2078)Father died during WWII 0.0493
(0.1470)(0.0074)
(0.1474)Father fought in WWII −0.5579***
(0.1556)Percentage of schools destroyed X born 1922–39 Percentage of missing teachers X born 1922–39 −0.0108**
(0.0045)−0.0019
(0.0046)Rubble per capita X Number of years Exposed to WWII −0.0046**
(0.0023)R2 0.162 0.151 0.157 0.173 0.172 0.183 0.172 0.172 0.17 N 3,702 1,805 2,140 3,702 3,702 3,396 3,523 3,523 3,702 ↵Notes: Standard errors clustered by region and birth year are shown in parentheses. Asterisks denote significance levels (*=0.10, **=0.05, *** =0.01). Each column controls for region and birth-year fixed effects. Other controls in each regression are gender and rural dummies and the interaction of prewar regional population density with birth-year dummies.
All
1Mother Has a Basic Education or Less
2Father Has a Basic Education or Less
3Mother or Father Have a Basic Education or Less
4Panel A: Height Rubble per capita X born 1935–44 −0.0577***
(0.0200)−0.0478**
(0.0206)−0.0429**
(0.0215)−0.0472**
(0.0209)R2 (0.5570) 0.582 0.564 0.57 N 1,373 1,137 1,046 1,194 Panel B: Mortality Rubble per capita X born 1922–39 0.0004
(0.0016)0.0021
(0.0019)0.0043**
(0.0020)0.0027
(0.0019)R2 0.268 0.267 0.279 0.269 N 3,717 2,902 2,686 3,025 Panel C: Self-Rated Health Satisfaction Rubble per capita X born 1922–39 −0.0009
(0.0022)−0.0053**
(0.0024)−0.0057**
(0.0025)−0.0051**
(0.0024)R2 0.111 0.123 0.141 0.122 N 3,699 2,889 2,677 3,011 ↵Notes: Standard errors clustered by region and birth year are shown in parentheses. Asterisks denote significance levels (*=0.10, **=0.05, ***=0.01). For height regressions, the treatment group is individuals born between 1935 and 1944. Each column controls for region and birth year fixed effects. Other controls in each regression are gender and rural dummies and the interaction of prewar regional population density and birth-year dummies.
All
1Mother Has a Basic Education or Less
2Father Has a Basic Education or Less
3Mother or Father Have a Basic Education or Less
4Rubble per capita X born 1922–39 −0.0042
(0.0057)−0.0026
(0.0047)−0.0092*
(0.0054)−0.005
(0.0051)Rubble per capita X born 1922–39 X Female 0.0046
(0.0134)−0.0122
(0.0151)0.0054
(0.0171)0.002
(0.0157)R2 0.392 0.44 0.457 0.424 N 2,288 1,790 1,636 1,873 ↵Notes: Standard errors clustered by region and birth year are shown in parentheses. Asterisks denote significance levels (*=0.10, **=0.05, ***=0.01). The analysis is restricted to individuals with positive labor market earnings. The control group is individuals born between 1951 and 1960. Each column controls for region and birth-year fixed effects and the interaction of female dummy with region and birth-year dummies. Other controls in each regression are female and rural dummies and the interaction of prewar regional population density with birth-year dummies.
Birth Cohort Years Affected in Primary School (Grades 1–4) Years Affected in Lower Secondary (Grades 5–10) Years Affected in Upper Secondary (Grades 11–13) Years Affected in University (5 years) Total Before 1917 0 0 0 0 0 1917 0 0 0 1 1 1918 0 0 0 2 2 1919 0 0 0 3 3 1920 0 0 0 4 4 1921 0 0 0 5 5 1922 0 0 1 5 6 1923 0 0 2 4 6 1924 0 0 3 3 6 1925 0 1 3 2 6 1926 0 2 3 1 6 1927 0 3 3 0 6 1928 0 4 2 0 6 1929 0 5 1 0 6 1930 0 6 0 0 6 1931 1 5 0 0 6 1932 2 4 0 0 6 1933 3 3 0 0 6 1934 4 2 0 0 6 1935 4 1 0 0 5 1936 4 0 0 0 4 1937 3 0 0 0 3 1938 2 0 0 0 2 1939 1 0 0 0 1 Affected Group Born 1917–39
(1)Born 1922–39
(2)Born 1927–39
(3)Born 1930–39
(4)Rubble per capita X Cohort dummy −0.0347***
(0.0133)−0.0369***
(0.0135)−0.0313**
(0.0140)−0.0362**
(0.0144)R2 0.176 0.175 0.168 0.166 N 3,305 3,012 2,595 2,288 ↵Notes: Standard errors clustered by region and birth years are shown in parentheses. Asterisks denote significance levels (*=0.10, **=0.05, ***=0.01). The control group is individuals born between 1951 and 1960. Each column controls for region and year of birth-fixed effects. Other controls in each regression are gender and rural dummies and the interaction of prewar regional population density with birth-year dummies.
Control Group Born 1907–16
(1)Born 1940–60
(2)Born 1947–60
(3)Born 1951–60
(4)Rubble per capita X born 1922-39 −0.0304**
(0.0139)−0.0261**
(0.0105)−0.0348***
(0.0123)−0.0369***
(0.0135)R2 0.209 0.157 0.168 0.175 N 2,161 4,197 3,461 3,012 ↵Notes: Standard errors clustered by region and birth years are shown in parentheses. Asterisks denote significance levels (*=0.10, **=0.05, ***=0.01). Each column controls for region and year of birth-fixed effects. Other controls in each regression are gender and rural dummies and the interaction of prewar regional population density with birth-year dummies.
Rubble per capita X born 1925–29 0.0386
(0.0325)Rubble per capita X born 1930–34 −0.0571
(0.0340)Rubble per capita X born 1935–39 −0.0746***
(0.0270)Rubble per capita X born 1940–44 −0.0560**
(0.0275)Rubble per capita X born 1945–50 −0.0119
(0.0298)Rubble per capita X born 1951–55 −0.0218
(0.0291)R2 0.548 N 2,197 ↵Notes: Standard errors clustered by region and birth are shown in parentheses. Asterisks denote significance levels (*=0.10, **=0.05, ***=0.01). The control group is individuals born between 1956 and 1960. This regression controls for region and year of birth-fixed effects and gender and rural dummies.
