Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Distribution of the Household Wealth Index by estrato
- Figure 2
Distribution of the Household Wealth Index in Our Sample (Bayley-III) and in the ECV Sample
- Figure 3
Bayley-III Composite Scores over Age, Nonparametric Regression
- Figure 4
Gap in Child Development Between the 25 Percent Poorest and 25 Percent Richest of the Household Wealth Index Distribution by Age. Nonparametric Regressions by Developmental Domain.
Tables
Quartile 1 Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Quartile 4 I Child characteristics Age (months) 23.709 (10.446) 23.666 (10.924) 24.294 (10.130) 24.205 (9.983) Female =1 0.511 0.469 0.552 0.440 Premature (gestational age < 37 weeks) =1 0.162 0.122 0.152 0.184 Birth weight in grams 3,040.6 (484.7) 3,012.8 (536.3) 3,034.6 (506.6) 3,062.3 (536.6) Stunted (z-height-for-age < −2 SD) =1 0.229 0.204 0.145 0.127 Firstborn =1 0.417 0.501 0.524 0.572 II Parental characteristics Age mother 25.302 (6.185) 26.040 (6.122) 27.565 (7.041) 28.895 (6.673) Education years mother 8.319 (3.251) 9.865 (2.749) 10.517 (2.988) 12.448 (3.110) Mother has more than secondary education =1 0.106 0.176 0.329 0.607 Mother works (paid or unpaid) =1 0.442 0.437 0.565 0.619 Mother gave birth before age 18 =1 0.186 0.134 0.136 0.075 Education years father 6.846 (3.321) 8.042 (3.445) 8.977 (3.545) 9.653 (4.676) Father has more than secondary education =1 0.059 0.167 0.270 0.493 Father deceased/no longer in household =1 0.291 0.340 0.315 0.334 III Household characteristics Household size 4.444 (1.792) 4.687 (1.638) 4.736 (1.545) 4.771 (1.340) Grandmother lives in household =1 0.147 0.272 0.285 0.370 Crowding (people per room)a 3.053 (1.279) 1.852 (0.819) 1.388 (0.633) 1.054 (0.380) Quality floors (tiles, carpet, wood) a =1 0.396 0.618 0.824 0.952 External windowsa =1 0.688 0.881 0.942 0.994 Shared kitchena =1 0.417 0.212 0.106 0.045 Shared bathrooma =1 0.574 0.272 0.088 0.027 More than one bathrooma =1 0.024 0.072 0.133 0.515 Cara =1 0.003 0.012 0.064 0.419 Fridgea =1 0.318 0.749 0.906 0.994 Microwavea =1 0.015 0.084 0.239 0.572 Washing machinea =1 0.117 0.475 0.794 0.961 Boilera =1 0.078 0.212 0.458 0.804 Computera =1 0.042 0.122 0.573 0.907 Smartphonea =1 0.015 0.021 0.079 0.295 Flat TVa =1 0.054 0.131 0.206 0.575 Home theatrea =1 0.009 0.057 0.091 0.235 DVDa =1 0.453 0.707 0.791 0.934 Stereoa =1 0.309 0.606 0.721 0.831 Games consolea =1 0.039 0.104 0.094 0.259 Interneta =1 0.030 0.131 0.382 0.795 Garagea =1 0.000 0.036 0.133 0.485 IV Level home stimulation Books and newpapers (FCI Score) 1.574 (1.768) 2.376 (1.860) 2.897 (1.960) 3.780 (1.935) Play materials (FCI Score) 3.742 (2.105) 4.391 (2.221) 4.942 (2.229) 5.979 (2.269) Play activities (FCI Score) 3.904 (1.710) 4.107 (1.629) 4.524 (1.745) 4.991 (1.565) V Childcare arrangements Childcare center attendance =1 0.267 0.313 0.324 0.340 Care minder =1 0.426 0.499 0.552 0.608 Notes: N = 1,330. Data are means. SD reported in parentheses for continuous variables.
↵a. Variables used to construct wealth index.
Cognitive Receptive Language Expressive Language All 6–18 Months 19–30 Months 31–42 Months All 6–18 Months 19–30 Months 31–42 Months All 6–18 Months 19–30 Months 31–42 Months Wealth quartile 2 =1 0.213**
(0.078)0.146
(0.128)0.272+
(0.152)0.225+
(0.117)0.074
(0.063)0.080
(0.127)−0.041
(0.112)0.147
(0.125)0.064
(0.079)−0.030
(0.123)0.091
(0.129)0.156
(0.134)Wealth quartile 3 =1 0.297**
(0.073)0.128
(0.143)0.182
(0.120)0.585**
(0.120)0.163*
(0.068)0.056
(0.144)0.067
(0.117)0.332*
(0.130)0.192**
(0.065)0.099
(0.142)0.084
(0.118)0.424**
(0.124)Wealth quartile 4 =1 0.534**
(0.078)0.258+
(0.136)0.547**
(0.116)0.812**
(0.134)0.416**
(0.065)0.203
(0.125)0.302*
(0.124)0.758**
(0.127)0.494**
(0.074)0.429**
(0.138)0.409**
(0.121)0.683**
(0.129)Age (months) 0.000
(0.003)0.005
(0.012)0.007
(0.014)0.005
(0.015)0.001
(0.002)0.009
(0.011)0.005
(0.014)−0.004
(0.013)0.000
(0.003)−0.015
(0.012)−0.007
(0.012)−0.002
(0.015)Female =1 0.190**
(0.053)0.235*
(0.098)0.155+
(0.086)0.246**
(0.089)0.181**
(0.055)0.104
(0.089)0.304**
(0.085)0.186+
(0.095)0.317**
(0.056)0.208*
(0.097)0.380**
(0.092)0.409**
(0.099)p-value(F-test: Q2 = Q4) 0.00 0.38 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 p-value(F-test: Q3 = Q4) 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.25 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.05 p-value(F-test: testers) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 N 1330 451 460 419 1330 451 460 419 1329 450 460 419 R2 adjusted 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.17 0.12 0.22 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.09 0.11 Fine Motor Gross Motor Socioemotional All 6–18
Months19–30
Months31–42
MonthsAll 6–18
Months19–30
Months31–42
MonthsAll 6–18
Months19–30
Months31–42
MonthsWealth quartile 2 =1 0.117
(0.079)0.137
(0.131)0.144
(0.136)0.037
(0.146)−0.040
(0.078)−0.181
(0.127)0.039
(0.125)0.028
(0.150)0.116
(0.076)0.167
(0.133)0.127
(0.144)0.071
(0.156)Wealth quartile 3 =1 0.173*
(0.068)0.142
(0.123)0.046
(0.115)0.324*
(0.138)0.008
(0.077)−0.237+
(0.140)−0.014
(0.133)0.299*
(0.129)0.190*
(0.076)0.241
(0.146)0.135
(0.121)0.224+
(0.132)Wealth quartile 4 =1 0.262**
(0.078)0.251*
(0.122)0.132
(0.114)0.402**
(0.139)−0.048
(0.079)−0.257+
(0.139)−0.023
(0.109)0.139
(0.146)0.272**
(0.075)0.299*
(0.137)0.204+
(0.122)0.382**
(0.119)Age (months) −0.001
(0.003)0.005
(0.010)0.002
(0.015)−0.005
(0.015)0.002
(0.003)0.013
(0.014)−0.003
(0.014)−0.010
(0.016)0.001
(0.002)−0.022+
(0.012)−0.065**
(0.013)−0.032*
(0.015)Female =1 0.299**
(0.054)0.332**
(0.099)0.306**
(0.082)0.255**
(0.096)−0.024
(0.045)−0.100
(0.088)0.083
(0.088)−0.022
(0.091)0.125*
(0.054)0.111
(0.088)0.067
(0.083)0.233*
(0.100)p-value(F-test: Q2 = Q4) 0.06 0.35 0.93 0.01 0.93 0.60 0.60 0.47 0.06 0.29 0.54 0.07 p-value(F-test: Q3 = Q4) 0.24 0.40 0.47 0.59 0.47 0.88 0.95 0.22 0.29 0.66 0.54 0.22 p-value(F-test: testers) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N 1327 450 458 419 1325 450 458 417 1330 451 460 419 R2 adjusted 0.08 0.13 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.12 0.10 ↵Notes: +significant at the 10 percent; *significant at the 5 percent; **significant at the 1 percent. SE clustered at the neighborhood level (primary sampling unit) in parantheses. P-value (F-test: Q2=Q4) and p-value(F-test: Q3=Q4) are the p-values of the F-test of equality of the coefficients on the second and fourth wealth quartiles, and on the third and fourth wealth quartiles, respectively. P-value(F-test: testers) is the p-value of the test of joint significance of all tester dummies.
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