Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Pension Receipt by Age
Notes: Sample is individuals aged 50 to 75, women in Panel A and men in Panel B. Scatterplots are unweighted means of Y-axis variable by age in years. Unweighted OLS regression lines of Y-axis variable on age are estimated on either side of the discontinuity (age 60 for women and age 65 for men). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals are shown around the regression lines. Y-axis variable is a dummy variable for pension receipt.
- Figure 2
Primary Decision-making for Day to Day Purchases by Age
Notes: Sample is individuals aged 50 to 75, women in Panel A and men in Panel B. Scatterplots are unweighted means of Y-axis variable by age in years. Unweighted OLS regression lines of Y-axis variable on age are estimated on either side of the discontinuity (age 60 for women and age 65 for men). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals are shown around the regression lines. Y-axis variable is a dummy variable for whether or not everyone in household agrees that individual is the primary decision-maker for day-to-day purchases.
- Figure 3
Decision-making by Percent of Personal Income Share
Notes: Sample is individuals aged 50 to 75, women in Panel A and men in Panel B. The top half percent of male and female household income is trimmed. Scatterplots are the mean of whether or not everyone in the household agrees the individual is the primary decision-maker for day-to-day purchases by five percentage point bins of personal income share.
- Figure 4
Personal Income Share by Age
Notes: Sample is individuals aged 50 to 75, women in Panel A and men in Panel B. The top half percent of male and female household income is trimmed. Scatterplots are unweighted means of Y-axis variable by age. Unweighted OLS regression lines of Y-axis variable on age are estimated on either side of the discontinuity (age 60 for women and age 65 for men). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals are shown around the regression lines. Y-axis variable is the percent of total household income reported to be received by the individual.
- Figure 5
Individual Labor Income as Percent of Household Nonpension Income by Age
Notes: Sample is individuals aged 50 to 75, women in Panel A and men in Panel B. The top half percent of male and female household income is trimmed. Scatterplots are unweighted means of Y-axis variable by age. Unweighted OLS regression lines of Y-axis variable on age are estimated on either side of the discontinuity (age 60 for women and age 65 for men). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals are shown around the regression lines. Y-axis variable is individual labor income as a percent of household nonpension income.
- Figure 6
Pension Receipt by Age in 1993: Households with Young Children
Notes: Scatterplots are unweighted means of Y-axis variable by age in years. Unweighted OLS regression lines of Y-axis variable on age are estimated on either side of the discontinuity (age 60 for women and age 65 for men). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals are shown around the regression lines. Source is 1993 PSLSD data set. Sample is individuals aged 50 to 75 living with a child 6 to 60 months. Y-axis variable is pension receipt.
- Figure 7
Personal Income Share by Age in 1993: Households with Young Children
Notes: Scatterplots are unweighted means of Y-axis variable by age in years. Unweighted OLS regression lines of Y-axis variable on age are estimated on either side of the discontinuity (age 60 for women and age 65 for men). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals are shown around the regression lines. Source is 1993 PSLSD data set. Sample is individuals aged 50 to 75 living with a child 6 to 60 months. Y-axis variable is the percent of total household income reported to be earned or received by the individual.
Tables
Women Men Not eligible Eligible Not eligible Eligible Demographics Age (mean) 54.3 (2.8) 66.8 (4.5) 55.9 (4.2) 69.2 (3.0) Household size (mean) 5.1 (3.0) 5.1 (3.0) 4.6 (3.0) 5.3 (3.2) Years of schooling (mean) 4.3 (4.0) 2.8 (3.5) 4.9 (4.1) 2.8 (3.4) Rural (percent) 63.4 71.7 55.7 75.3 Married (percent) 46.7 32.7 73.8 78.8 Presence of child under fifteen (percent) 71.9 73.8 60.1 69.2 Presence of child under five (percent) 42.7 40.9 32.0 43.0 Presence of man (woman) 50+
(percent)35.6 28.3 42.4 70.2 Presence of woman 18–49 (percent) 51.6 53.9 56.3 58.4 Presence of man 18–49 (percent) 45.1 45.1 35.2 40.9 Income and employment Employed (percent) 42.9 16.3 54.1 21.0 Per-capita hh income (median) 428 482 514 570 Personal income (median) 635 940 870 870 Personal income as percent of total hh income (median) 31.5 47.9 36.0 39.8 Pension receipt Received pension (percent) 9.2 90.8 8.2 85.0 Amount received (median, conditional on receipt) 885 870 920 870 Is primary decision maker for Day-to-day purchases (percent) 60.8 67.7 55.9 62.0 Large, unusual purchases (percent) 57.9 64.9 64.1 66.5 Who can live in household (percent) 55.7 64.6 68.4 71.7 Where household lives (percent) 55.4 64.3 69.5 71.0 All four categories (percent) 53.1 61.6 53.5 58.8 Observations 932 862 830 279 Notes: Author’s calculations from 2008 NIDS. Standard deviations for means are in parentheses. Number of observations is based on black individuals aged 50–75 with nonmissing values for decision-making on day-to-day purchases, which is the main regression sample. All money amounts are in South African rand, the exchange rate varied from 7 to 8 rand to the U.S dollar over the survey period. Employment is defined as working in any capacity including casual labor, self employment, and own farm labor. Personal income is any income that can be attributed directly to the individual. Decision-making variables are dummy variables for whether everyone in the household agrees that the individual is the primary decision-maker in that category.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Dependent variable: Primary decision maker for day-to-day purchases Dependent variable: Primary decision maker for all categories Polynomial in age of person is… linear quadratic cubic linear quadratic cubic Panel 1: Women Pension eligible 0.155***
[0.0447]0.160***
[0.0473]0.167***
[0.0561]0.153***
[0.0551]0.127***
[0.0417]0.146***
[0.0444]0.172***
[0.0513]0.154***
[0.0509]Presence of man 50+ −0.555***
[0.0357]−0.555***
[0.0357]−0.556***
[0.0358]−0.563***
[0.0351]−0.655***
[0.0283]−0.656***
[0.0282]−0.657***
[0.0283]−0.656***
[0.0288]Presence of pension eligible man −0.056
[0.0499]−0.054
[0.0499]−0.054
[0.0501]−0.034
[0.0497]−0.0366
[0.0348]−0.0305
[0.0348]−0.0295
[0.0351]−0.0117
[0.0362]Observations 1,794 1,794 1,794 1,794 1,764 1,764 1,764 1,764 R-squared 0.321 0.321 0.321 0.344 0.401 0.402 0.402 0.419 Sample mean 0.642 0.572 Panel 2: Men Pension eligible −0.026
[0.0801]−0.060
[0.0962]−0.091
[0.108]−0.070
[0.0953]−0.0536
[0.0814]−0.0662
[0.0982]−0.119
[0.109]−0.108
[0.0975]Presence of woman 50+ −0.237***
[0.0469]−0.234***
[0.0471]−0.233***
[0.0472]−0.204***
[0.0452]−0.238***
[0.0471]−0.237***
[0.0475]−0.235***
[0.0476]−0.218***
[0.0451]Presence of pension eligible woman −0.046
[0.0585]−0.050
[0.0587]−0.053
[0.0587]−0.033
[0.0579]−0.0535
[0.0580]−0.0548
[0.0582]−0.0609
[0.0582]−0.0353
[0.0572]Observations 1,109 1,109 1,109 1,109 1,091 1,091 1,091 1,091 R-squared 0.056 0.057 0.057 0.161 0.058 0.058 0.060 0.172 Sample mean 0.574 0.548 P-value for equality of female and male eligibility coefficients 0.044 0.041 0.034 0.045 0.046 0.049 0.016 0.017 Control variables NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Notes: Robust standard errors in brackets are clustered at the household level. Regressions are weighted with survey post-stratification weights. Sample is restricted to black men and women aged 50–75. Control variables are number of household members who are 0–5, 6–14, 15–24, and 25–49, educational attainment category, and rural/urban status.
↵*** p < 0.01,
** p < 0.05,
* p < 0.1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Dependent variable: Primary decision maker for day-to-day purchases NIDS Wave 2 Dependent variable: Primary decision maker for day-to-day purchases NIDS Wave 3 Polynomial in age of person is… linear quadratic cubic linear quadratic cubic Panel 1: Women Pension eligible 0.0502
[0.0512]0.0343
[0.0532]0.0316
[0.0652]0.0353
[0.0649]0.0901**
[0.0451]0.0656
[0.0490]0.0525
[0.0561]0.0667
[0.0537]Presence of man 50+ −0.328***
[0.0510]−0.323***
[0.0513]−0.323***
[0.0513]−0.349***
[0.0484]−0.408***
[0.0484]−0.399***
[0.0496]−0.399***
[0.0496]−0.422***
[0.0487]Presence of pension eligible man −0.0975*
[0.0591]−0.107*
[0.0594]−0.107*
[0.0594]−0.0750
[0.0584]−0.0393
[0.0567]−0.0545
[0.0575]−0.0538
[0.0575]−0.0334
[0.0561]Observations 1,904 1,904 1,904 1,895 2,241 2,241 2,241 2,241 R-squared 0.146 0.147 0.147 0.193 0.185 0.187 0.187 0.242 Sample mean 0.661 0.664 Panel 2: Men Pension eligible 0.0444
[0.0688]0.0491
[0.0722]0.0509
[0.0880]0.0649
[0.0865]−0.0545
[0.0716]−0.0678
[0.0731]−0.0883
[0.0883]−0.0872
[0.0811]Presence of woman 50+ −0.420***
[0.0419]−0.417***
[0.0425]−0.417***
[0.0426]−0.368***
[0.0440]−0.354***
[0.0429]−0.365***
[0.0443]−0.364***
[0.0446]−0.295***
[0.0429]Presence of pension eligible woman 0.0496
[0.0516]0.0449
[0.0537]0.0450
[0.0546]0.0621
[0.0557]−0.0669
[0.0510]−0.0472
[0.0543]−0.0481
[0.0545]−0.0454
[0.0540]Observations 1,112 1,112 1,112 1,104 1,277 1,277 1,277 1,277 R-squared 0.142 0.142 0.142 0.245 0.127
0.4060.129 0.129 0.266 Sample mean 0.389 P-value for equality of female and male eligibility coefficients 0.947 0.869 0.863 0.988 0.083 0.123 0.171 0.11 Control variables NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Notes: Robust standard errors in brackets are clustered at the household level. Regressions are weighted with survey post-stratification weights. Sample is restricted to black men and women aged 50–75. Control variables are number of household members who are 0–5, 6–14, 15–24, and 25–49, educational attainment category, and rural/urban status.
↵*** p < 0.01,
↵** p < 0.05,
↵* p < 0.1
Households with a: Woman 50–59 No man 50+ in hh Man 50+ in hh Panel 1: Decision maker refers to day-to-day purchases Decision maker is woman 50+
(percent)84.0 28.0 Decision maker is man 50+
(percent)47.3 Decision maker is woman 18–49 (percent) 1.7 0.3 Decision maker is man 18–49 (percent) 3.1 0.0 Household disagrees on decision maker (percent) 11.1 24.3 Observations 576 321 Panel 2: Decision maker refers to all four categories Decision maker is woman 50+ (percent) 79.0 15.1 Decision maker is man 50+ (percent) 45.1 Decision maker is woman 18–49 (percent) 1.4 0.0 Decision maker is man 18–49 (percent) 2.6 0.0 Household disagrees on decision maker (percent) 16.9 39.4 Observations 567 317 Notes: Author’s calculations from 2008 NIDS.
- Table 5
Effect of Female Pension Eligibility on Decision Making of Others in the Household
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Dependent variable: Person of opposite sex aged 50 + is primary decision maker Dependent variable: Household disagreement on identity of primary decision maker Man 50 + in hh No man 50 + in hh Man 50 + in hh Polynomial in age of oldest women is… linear quadratic cubic linear quadratic cubic linear quadratic cubic Panel 1: Dependent variable refers to day-to-day purchases Pension eligible woman −0.140
[0.111]−0.105
[0.112]−0.0964
[0.136]−0.0946***
[0.0344]−0.112***
[0.0360]−0.126***
[0.0437]−0.106
[0.107]−0.134
[0.105]−0.0894
[0.144]Presence of pension eligible man 0.0845
[0.0680]0.0958
[0.0681]0.0965
[0.0683]−0.00776
[0.0548]−0.0167
[0.0556]−0.0134
[0.0570]Observations 561 561 561 1,189 1,189 1,189 561 561 561 R-squared 0.010 0.017 0.017 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.004 0.010 0.011 Sample mean 0.488 0.0900 0.223 Panel 2: Dependent variable refers to all four decision categories Pension eligible woman −0.0973
[0.111]−0.0718
[0.113]−0.0559
[0.136]−0.135***
[0.0426]−0.167***
[0.0510]−0.221***
[0.0560]0.0183
[0.112]−0.0262
[0.108]0.0235
[0.140]Presence of pension eligible man 0.0731
[0.0678]0.0815
[0.0677]0.0826
[0.0677]−0.0264
[0.0704]−0.0409
[0.0705]−0.0374
[0.0711]Observations 554 554 554 1,167 1,167 1,167 554 554 554 R-squared 0.005 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.002 0.013 0.014 Sample mean 0.458 0.142 0.388 Notes: Robust standard errors in brackets are clustered at the survey cluster level. Regressions are weighted with survey post-stratification weights. Sample is restricted to households with a black woman aged 50–75.
*** p < 0.01,
** p < 0.05,
↵* p < 0.1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Dependent variable: Personal income share in Wave 2, aggregated by Wave 2 household Dependent variable: Personal income share in Wave 2, aggregated by Wave 1 household Polynomial in age of person is… linear quadratic cubic linear quadratic cubic Panel 1: Women Pension eligible in Wave 2 11.92***
[3.706]11.04***
[3.863]11.10***
[3.843]10.61***
[3.861]10.22**
[4.010]7.333
[4.943]Observations 1,712 1,712 1,712 1,712 1,712 1,712 R-squared 0.123 0.123 0.126 0.100 0.100 0.101 Sample mean 44.42 45.13 Panel 2: Men Pension eligible in Wave 2 −0.899
[5.945]0.0164
[6.431]2.422
[7.732]1.276
[5.804]1.007
[6.236]−1.463
[7.486]Observations 975 975 975 975 975 975 R-squared 0.109 0.154 0.155 0.121 0.121 0.122 Sample mean 41.11 41.53 P-value for equality of female and male eligibility coefficients 0.070 0.120 0.117 0.169 0.199 0.303 Controls for opposite gender person aged 50+ and opposite gender pension eligible person in. WAVE 2 WAVE 2 WAVE 2 WAVE 1 WAVE 1 WAVE 1 Notes: Robust standard errors in brackets are clustered at the Wave 2 household level in Columns 1–3 and the Wave 1 household level in Columns 4–6. Regressions are weighted with survey post-stratification weights for Wave 2 in Columns 1–3 and Wave 1 in Columns 4–6. Sample is restricted to black men and women aged 50–75 in NIDS Wave 2.
↵*** p < 0.01,
↵** p < 0.05,
* p < 0.1
Free alternate access to The Journal of Human Resources supplementary materials is available at https://uwpress.wisc.edu/journals/journals/jhr-supplementary.html
Free alternate access to The Journal of Human Resources supplementary materials is available at https://uwpress.wisc.edu/journals/journals/jhr-supplementary.html
