Water Works

↵Notes: The selection year is the year the village was chosen for treatment. Village-level characteristics are calculated using 1999 Census data from the Kyrgyz National Statistics Committee. The number of observations (villages) in each Column of Panel A match the number of villages selected in each of the years, except 2004 in which there was one village that could not be matched to the census data. Household-level characteristics are calculated using the Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey for 2003. Columns 1–4 shows variable means by selection year, with standard deviations in brackets. Columns 5–7 show differences between selection years and the standard errors are in parentheses with statistical significance denoted by: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Household calculations have standard errors clustered at the village level. Plot size variable drops outliers (top 5% of observations).

↵Notes: Results are from tests of pretrends. Column 1 presents results using just 2003 data. Column 2 presents results using just 2004 data. Column 3 shows results of Column 2 minus Column 1. The sample for these calculations is limited to those villages that eventually receive infrastructure through the program. “Late villages” are those selected after 2004, whereas the “early villages” are those selected in 2003 and 2004. Details on the village selection are described in the paper text. Standard errors are clustered at the village level and in parentheses. Statistical significance is denoted by: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Plot size variable drops outliers (top 5 percent of observations).

↵Notes: Results are for difference-in-differences regressions using the household survey data collected annually via the Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey. Data include all years between 2003 and 2010. Observations are at the household level. Sample is limited to those villages (38 in total) that were eligible to receive the water infrastructure through the program. Baseline means are calculated for 2003 and 2004. All regressions include controls for household characteristics (the number of rooms in the home). Standard errors are clustered at the village level and in parentheses, with statistical significance denoted by: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Wild bootstrap clustered (village) p-values in brackets.

↵Notes: Time use data collected for household members 12 years and older via the KIHS (2005, 2010). Observations are individual level. Time use is measured in number of minutes per 24-hour period (totaling 1440 minutes). All regressions include the following controls: (1) season dummies, (2) day of week dummies, (3) respondent age and gender, (4) size of respondent’s household, (5) district-year fixed effects, and (6) village fixed effects. Time use categories are described in the Online Appendix. Standard errors are clustered at the village level and in parentheses, with statistical significance denoted by: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Wild bootstrap clustered (village) p-values in brackets.

↵Notes: Results are for difference-in-differences regressions. Time use data were collected for household members 12 years and older via the Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey (2005 and 2010). Sample is limited to those villages (38 in total) that were eligible to receive the water infrastructure through the program. Time use is measured in number of minutes per 24-hour period (totaling 1440 minutes). All regressions include the following controls: (1) season dummies, (2) day of week dummies, (3) respondent age and gender, (3) size of respondent’s household, (4) district-year fixed effects, and (5) village fixed effects. Means are calculated for 2005. For a description of the time use categories, see the Online Appendix. Standard errors are clustered at the village level and in parentheses, with statistical significance denoted by: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Wild bootstrap clustered (village) p-values in brackets.

↵Notes: Results are for difference-in-differences regressions using the household survey data collected via the Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey (2003–2010). Sample is limited to those villages that were eligible to receive the water infrastructure through the program. “Water system” is an indicator of whether the village received the water infrastructure. Baseline means are calculated for 2003–2004. Amounts harvested are in log kilograms. All Columns include controls for (1) land characteristics (total plot size, number of land plots total, and proportion of land that is privately owned); (2) number of people and children 14 years and younger in a household; (3) district-year fixed effects; and (4) village fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered at the village level and in parentheses, with statistical significance denoted by: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Wild bootstrap clustered (village) p-values in brackets.

↵Notes: Results are for difference-in-differences calculations using village-level health data collected by the Kyrgyz Ministry of Health for the year between 2000 and 2009. Their definition of acute intestinal infections includes dysentery, giardia, enterobaeces, acariasis, and acute viral hepatitis. Sample is limited to those villages that were eligible to receive the water infrastructure through the program. All regressions include village fixed effects. Baseline means are calculated for 2000–2004. Standard errors are clustered at the village level and in parentheses, with statistical significance denoted by: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.