Article Figures & Data
Tables
Mean Values Extensive margin: Attends 0.882 Attends primary school 0.651 Attends secondary school 0.231 Attends regularly 0.793 Attends primary school regularly 0.579 Attends secondary school regularly 0.215 Worked in past 12 months 0.202 Pay and location: For pay, outside own household 0.091 For pay, inside own household 0.031 Without pay, outside own household 0.040 Without pay, inside own household 0.091 Types of occupations: Laborers and unskilled workers 0.144 Farmers, forestry workers, and fishermen 0.079 Other 0.008 Worked in past seven days 0.158 Pay and location: For pay, outside own household 0.066 For pay, inside own household 0.017 Without pay, outside own household 0.028 Without pay, inside own household 0.080 Types of occupations: Laborers and unskilled workers 0.098 Farmers, forestry workers, and fishermen 0.068 Other 0.000 Mutually exclusive combinations of school and work In school only 0.725 In work only 0.038 In school and in work 0.164 Neither in school nor in work 0.073 Worked while school was in session 0.094 Intensive margin: Days attended school past two weeks Unconditional 7.4 Conditional on attending school 8.6 Days worked in past 12 months Unconditional 5.9 Conditional on any work 29.7 Days worked for pay, outside own household in past 12 months Unconditional 2.2 Conditional on any work 24.4 Hours worked in past seven days Unconditional 1.9 Conditional on any work 12.4 Hours worked for pay, outside own household in past seven days Unconditional 0.7 Conditional on any work 10.6 Notes: Estimates based on 656 children aged 10–14 from eligible households in control villages.
Attends
(1)Attends Primary School
(2)Attends Secondary School
(3)Attends Regularly
(4)Attends Primary School Regularly
(5)Attends Secondary School Regularly
(6)Days Attended School Past Two Weeks
(7)OLS only controlling for municipality and child age 0.044**
(0.019)0.039
(0.024)0.004
(0.021)0.094***
(0.025)0.076***
(0.027)0.016
(0.021)0.955***
(0.243)Additional information: Number of observations 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,243 1,243 1,243 1,263 Observations in control group 627 627 627 611 611 611 626 Observations in treatment group 637 637 637 632 632 632 637 Mean in control group 0.887 0.665 0.222 0.795 0.589 0.206 7.502 Mean in treatment group 0.929 0.700 0.228 0.888 0.663 0.223 8.457 Conditional mean in control group 8.648 Conditional mean in treatment group 9.131 Pay and Location Types of Occupations Days Worked Any Work
(1)Work for Pay, Outside Own Household
(2)Work for Pay, Inside Own Household
(3)Work without Pay, Outside Own Household
(4)Work Without Pay, Inside Own Household
(5)Laborers and Unskilled Workers
(6)Farmers, Forestry Workers, and Fishermen
(7)Other
(8)Days Worked
(9)Days Worked for Pay, Outside Own Household
(10)OLS only controlling for municipality and child age 0.038
(0.029)0.050**
(0.021)−0.003
(0.010)−0.007
(0.011)0.010
(0.021)0.045*
(0.026)−0.005
(0.016)0.004
(0.007)1.812
(1.765)1.728
(1.370)Additional information: Number of observations 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,261 1,263 Observations in control group 627 627 627 627 627 627 627 627 625 626 Observations in treatment group 637 637 637 637 637 637 637 637 636 637 Mean in control group 0.201 0.116 0.032 0.038 0.088 0.144 0.078 0.008 5.906 2.851 Mean in treatment group 0.242 0.155 0.030 0.030 0.102 0.188 0.077 0.013 7.884 4.666 Conditional mean in control group 29.766 23.182 Conditional mean in treatment group 32.771 27.519 Notes: Estimates of program impact on work by children aged 10–14 from eligible households in the 12 months prior to the interview. Standard errors are clustered at the village level. Conditional means are means conditional on positive days worked or positive days worked for pay outside own household.
↵* p < 0.1,
↵** p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Mutually Exclusive Combinations In School Only
(1)In Work Only
(2)In School and in Work
(3)Neither in School nor in Work
(4)Worked While School Was in Session
(5)OLS only controlling for municipality and child age −0.003
(0.031)−0.010
(0.012)0.047*
(0.027)−0.034**
(0.015)0.031
(0.022)Additional information: Number of observations 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,252 Observations in control group 627 627 627 627 623 Observations in treatment group 637 637 637 637 629 Mean in control group 0.724 0.038 0.163 0.075 0.087 Mean in treatment group 0.716 0.028 0.214 0.042 0.119 Notes: Estimates of program impact on mutually exclusive combinations of work in the 12 months prior to the interview and current school attendance for children aged 10–14 from eligible households. Here school refers to current school attendance and work refers to any work in the past 12 months. Standard errors are clustered at the village level.
↵* p < 0.1,
↵** p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
- Table 5
Heterogeneous Pantawid Program Impacts on Schooling and Work by Household Composition
Education Work Past 12 Months Mutually Exclusive Combinations Attends
(1)Attends Regularly
(2)Any Work
(3)Work for Pay, Outside Own Household
(4)In School Only
(5)In Work Only
(6)In School and in Work
(7)Neither in School nor in Work
(8)Panel A: Heterogeneous Effects on Core Sample (10–14), by Older Siblings No siblings aged 15–17 0.038
(0.026)0.033
(0.033)0.033
(0.042)0.019
(0.037)−0.004
(0.043)−0.015
(0.018)0.048
(0.037)−0.029
(0.020)One or more siblings aged 15–17 0.040
(0.029)0.138***
(0.035)0.067**
(0.033)0.085***
(0.032)−0.030
(0.040)0.003
(0.014)0.063*
(0.033)−0.037
(0.024)Number of observations: P-value F-test (impact no siblings = impact siblings) 0.902 0.005 0.617 0.151 0.716 0.491 0.409 0.246 Number of observations 1,193 1,193 1,212 1,212 1,212 1,212 1,212 1,212 Mean in control group, no siblings 0.891 0.758 0.211 0.091 0.712 0.040 0.171 0.077 Mean in treatment group, siblings 0.929 0.888 0.247 0.148 0.707 0.034 0.213 0.046 Mean in control group, one or more siblings 0.876 0.841 0.190 0.091 0.743 0.036 0.154 0.067 Mean in treatment group, one or more siblings 0.916 0.868 0.231 0.122 0.732 0.020 0.210 0.037 Panel B: Heterogeneous Effects on Core Sample (10–14), by Eligible Siblings No enrolled siblings aged 6–14 0.342**
(0.131)0.264*
(0.135)−0.075
(0.103)−0.077
(0.092)0.275**
(0.128)−0.154
(0.098)0.079
(0.063)−0.200*
(0.117)One or two enrolled siblings aged 6–14 0.007
(0.022)0.066**
(0.031)0.068**
(0.033)0.071**
(0.028)−0.065*
(0.033)0.003
(0.014)0.064**
(0.032)−0.003
(0.017)Three or more enrolled siblings aged 6–14 −0.005
(0.015)0.044*
(0.026)0.027
(0.047)0.051*
(0.031)−0.016
(0.046)0.014
(0.009)0.013
(0.047)−0.010
(0.011)Number of observations: P-value F-test (impact 0 siblings = impact 1 or 2 siblings) 0.011 0.147 0.187 0.117 0.011 0.115 0.841 0.094 P-value F-test (impact 0 siblings = impact 3+ siblings) 0.009 0.107 0.349 0.196 0.031 0.094 0.399 0.104 P-value F-test (impact 1 or 2 siblings = 3+ impact siblings) 0.651 0.568 0.450 0.626 0.367 0.501 0.339 0.709 Number of observations 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 Mean in control group, no enrolled siblings 0.296 0.296 0.280 0.200 0.260 0.240 0.040 0.460 Mean in treatment group, enrolled siblings 0.633 0.571 0.217 0.130 0.522 0.087 0.130 0.261 Mean in control group, one or two enrolled siblings 0.903 0.801 0.193 0.084 0.749 0.032 0.161 0.058 Mean in treatment group, one or two enrolled siblings 0.912 0.870 0.239 0.144 0.706 0.034 0.206 0.055 Mean in control group, three or more enrolled siblings 0.968 0.881 0.196 0.078 0.787 0.004 0.191 0.017 Mean in treatment group, three or more enrolled siblings 0.961 0.917 0.247 0.139 0.743 0.017 0.229 0.010 Household Level, Past 12 Months Any Household Members Involved in: Adult Level, Past Seven Days Farming
(1)Non-Farm Business
(2)Fishing
(3)Worked
(4)Worked for Private Household or Establishment
(5)Worked for Government
(6)Self-Employed, Employer, or Worked on Household Farm or Business
(7)OLS only controlling for municipality 0.042
(0.033)0.001
(0.019)0.006
(0.028)0.007
(0.020)0.038*
(0.023)0.007
(0.007)−0.037
(0.023)Additional information: Number of observations 830 832 2,480 2,480 2,480 2,480 Observations in control group 422 422 1,251 1,251 1,251 1,251 Observations in treatment group 408 410 1,229 1,229 1,229 1,229 Mean in control group 0.608 0.077 0.134 0.627 0.295 0.023 0.291 Mean in treatment group 0.668 0.075 0.123 0.635 0.333 0.028 0.256 Notes: Estimates of program impact on household- and adult-level economic activities. Sample restricted to eligible households with children aged 10–14. Standard errors are clustered at the village level.
↵* p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Log per Capita Expenditure
(1)Log per Capita Food Expenditure
(2)Log per Capita Medical Expenditure
(3)Log per Capita Education Expenditure
(4)Log per Capita Alcohol and Tobacco Expenditure
(5)Log per Capita Savings
(6)OLS only controlling for municipality 0.005
(0.043)−0.042
(0.044)0.178
(0.191)0.221
(0.153)−0.079
(0.081)0.169
(0.184)Additional information: Number of observations 833 833 830 830 833 822 Observations in control group 422 422 422 421 422 415 Observations in treatment group 411 411 408 409 411 407 Mean in control group 9.357 8.917 2.969 4.453 1.087 −0.666 Mean in treatment group 9.345 8.859 3.108 4.652 0.988 −0.551 Notes: Estimates of program impact on household expenditure or savings. Sample restricted to eligible households with children aged 10–14. Standard errors are clustered at the village level. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Education Work Past Week Mutually Exclusive Combinations Attends
(1)Attends Regularly
(2)Any Work
(3)Work for Pay
(4)In School Only
(5)In Work Only
(6)In School and in Work
(7)Neither in School nor in Work
(8)OLS only controlling for municipality and child age 0.058***
(0.012)0.058***
(0.014)−0.009
(0.007)−0.010***
(0.004)0.053***
(0.012)−0.014***
(0.004)0.005
(0.006)−0.044***
(0.010)Additional information: Number of observations 10,821 10,805 10,886 10,867 10,774 10,774 10,774 10,774 Observations in control group, boys 4,142 4,135 4,177 4,171 4,121 4,121 4,121 4,121 Observations in treatment group, boys 6,679 6,670 6,709 6,696 6,653 6,653 6,653 6,653 Mean in control group, boys 0.841 0.805 0.051 0.028 0.827 0.035 0.015 0.124 Mean in treatment group, boys 0.900 0.863 0.042 0.018 0.880 0.021 0.020 0.079 Notes: Estimates of Prospera program impact on education and work outcomes of children aged 10–14 from eligible households. Standard errors are clustered at the level of localities.
* p < 0.1,
** p < 0.05,
↵*** p < 0.01.
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