When the Going Gets Tough…

References

1. ↵
   1. Abbring Jaap,
   2. Berg Gerard Van den

   . 2004. “Analyzing the Effect of Dynamically Assigned Treatments Using Duration Models, Binary Treatment Models, and Panel Data Models.” Empirical Economics 29(1):5–20.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
2. 1. Abbring Jaap,
   2. Berg Gerard Van den

   . 2007. “The Unobserved Heterogeneity Distribution in Duration Analysis”.” Biometrika 94(1):87–99.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
3. ↵
   1. Allison Paul

   . 1982 “Discrete-Time Methods for the Analysis of Event Histories.” In Sociological Methodology, ed. Leinhardt S., 61–97. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
4. ↵
   1. Atkinson Anthony,
   2. Micklewright John

   . 1991. “Unemployment Compensation and Labor Market Transitions: A Critical Review.” Journal of Economic Literature 29(4):1697–727.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Baker Michael,
   2. Melino Angelo

   . 2000. “Duration Dependence and Nonparametric Heterogeneity: A Monte Carlo Study.” Journal of Econometrics 96(2):357–93.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Bover Olympia,
   2. Arellano Manuel,
   3. Bentolila Samuel

   . 2002. “Unemployment Duration, Benefit Duration and the Business Cycle.” Economic Journal 112(479):223–65.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Caliendo Marco,
   2. Tatsiramos Konstantinos,
   3. Uhlendorff Arne

   . 2013. “Benefit Duration, Unemployment Duration and Job Match Quality: A Regression-Discontinuity Approach.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 28(4):604–27.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. Caliendo Marco,
   2. Künn Steffen,
   3. Uhlendorff Arne

   . 2016. “Earnings Exemptions for Unemployed Workers: The Relationship between Marginal Employment, Unemployment Duration and Job Quality.” Labour Economics 42:177–93.

   OpenUrl
9. 1. Card David,
   2. Chetty Raj,
   3. Weber Andrea

   . 2007a. “Cash-on-Hands and Competing Models of Intertemporal Behavior, New Evidence from the Labor Market.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(4):1511–60.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
10. ↵
    1. Card David,
    2. Chetty Raj,
    3. Weber Andrea

    . 2007a. 2007b. “The Spike at Benefit Exhaustion: Leaving the Unemployment System or Starting a New Job?” American Economic Review 97(2):113–18.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
11. ↵
    1. Card David,
    2. Johnston Andrew,
    3. Leung Pauline,
    4. Mas Alexander,
    5. Pei Zhuan

    . 2015. “The Effect of Unemployment Benefits on the Duration of Unemployment Insurance Receipt: New Evidence from a Regression Kink Design in Missouri, 2003–2013.” American Economic Review 105(5):126–30.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Card David,
    2. Levine Phillip

    . 2000. “Extended Benefits and the Duration of UI Spells: Evidence from the New Jersey Extended Benefit Program.” Journal of Public Economics 78(1–2):107–38.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Carling Kenneth,
    2. Holmlund Bertil,
    3. Vejsiu Altin

    . 2001. “Do Benefit Cuts Boost Job Findings? Swedish Evidence from the 1990s.” Economic Journal 111(474):766– 90.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Centeno Marco,
    2. Novo Alvaro

    . 2009. “Reemployment Wages and UI Liquidity Effect: A Regression Discontinuity Approach.” Portuguese Economic Journal 8(1):45–52.

    OpenUrl
15. ↵
    1. Chetty Raj

    . 2004. “Optimal Unemployment Insurance When Income Effects Are Large.” NBER Working Paper 10500. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
16. ↵
    1. Degen Kathrin,
    2. Lalive Rafael

    . 2013. “How Do Reductions in Potential Benefit Duration Affect Medium-Run Earnings and Employment?” IZA Discussion Paper 8721. Bonn, Germany: IZA.
17. ↵
    1. Devine Theresa,
    2. Kiefer Nicolas

    . 1991. Empirical Labour Economics. The Search Approach. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
18. ↵
    1. Eberwein Curits,
    2. Ham John,
    3. LaLonde Robert

    . 2002. “Alternative Methods of Estimating Program Effects in Event History Models.” Labour Economics 9(2):249–78.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Esser Ingrid,
    2. Ferrarini Tommy,
    3. Nelson Kenneth,
    4. Palme Joakim,
    5. Sjöberg Ola

    . 2013. “Unemployment Benefits in EU Member States.” Employment and Social Affairs Inclusion. Brussels: European Commission.
20. ↵
    1. European Commission

    2012. “Labour Market Developments in Europe 2012.” European Economy 5/2012. Brussels: European Union.
21. ↵
    1. Fallick Bruce,
    2. Ryu Keunkwan

    . 2007. “The Recall and New Job Search of Laid-Off Workers: A Bivariate Proportional Hazard Model with Unobserved Heterogeneity.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 89(2):313–23.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
22. ↵
    1. Farber Henry,
    2. Valletta Robert

    . 2015. “Do Extended Unemployment Benefits Lengthen Unemployment Spells? Evidence from Recent Cycles in the U.S. Labor Market.” Journal of Human Resources 50(4):873–909.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
23. ↵
    1. Feldstein Martin

    . 1978. “The Effect of Unemployment Insurance on Temporary Layoff Unemployment.” The American Economic Review 68(5):834–46.

    OpenUrl
24. 1. Fernández-Kranz Daniel,
    2. Lacuesta Aitor,
    3. Rodríguez-Planas Núria

    . 2013. “The Motherhood Earnings Dip: Evidence from Administrative Records.” Journal of Human Resources 48(1):169–97.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
25. ↵
    1. Fernández-Kranz Daniel,
    2. Rodríguez-Planas Núria

    . 2011. “The Part-Time Pay Penalty in a Segmented Labor Market.” Labour Economics 18(5):591–606.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
26. ↵
    1. Gutierrez-Domenech Maria

    . 2005. “Employment Transitions after Motherhood in Spain.” Labour 19(1):123–48.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Ham John,
    2. LaLonde Robert

    . 1996. “The Effect of Sample Selection and Initial Conditions in Duration Models: Evidence from Experimental Data on Training.” Econometrica 64(1): 175–205.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
28. ↵
    1. Heckman James,
    2. Singer Burton

    . 1984. “A Method for Minimizing the Impact of Distributional Assumptions in Econometric Models for Duration Data.” Econometrica 52(2):271–320.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
29. 1. Hernæs Erik,
    2. Strøm Steinar

    . 1996. “Heterogeneity and Unemployment Duration”.” Labour 10(2):269–96.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. Hunt Jennifer

    . 1995. “The Effect of Unemployment Compensation on Unemployment Duration in Germany.” Journal of Labor Economics 13(1):88–120.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. ↵
    1. INE

    . 2013. España en Cifras. Madrid: INE.
32. ↵
    1. Jenkins Stephen

    . 1995. “Easy Estimation Methods for Discrete Time Duration Models.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 57(1):129–37.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
33. ↵
    1. Jenkins Stephen

    . 2004a. “PGMHAZ8: Stata Module To Estimate Discrete Time (Grouped Data) Proportional Hazards Models.” Statistical Software Components S438501, revised September 17, 2004 Boston College Department of Economics.

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. Jenkins Stephen

    . 2004b. “HSHAZ: Stata Module to Estimate Discrete Time (Grouped Data) Proportional Hazards Models”.” Statistical Software Components S444601, revised January 25, 2006 Boston College Department of Economics.

    OpenUrl
35. ↵
    1. Jenkins Stephen

    . 2005. “Survival Analysis.” Unpublished. Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex.
36. ↵
    1. Johnston Andrew,
    2. Mas Alexander

    . 2016. “Potential Unemployment Insurance Duration and Labor Supply: The Individual and Market-Level Response to a Benefit Cut.” NBER Working Paper 22411. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
37. ↵
    1. Katz Lawrence,
    2. Meyer Bruce

    . 1990. “The Impact of the Potential Duration of Unemployment Benefits on the Duration of Unemployment.” Journal of Public Economics 41(1):45–72.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
38. ↵
    1. Kolsrud Jonas,
    2. Landais Camille,
    3. Nilsson Peter,
    4. Spinnewijn Johannes

    . 2018. “The Optimal Timing of Unemployment Benefits: Theory and Evidence from Sweden.” American Economic Review 108(4–5):985–1033.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Lalive Rafael

    . 2007. “Unemployment Benefits, Unemployment Duration, and Post-Unemployment Jobs: A Regression Discontinuity Approach.” American Economic Review 97(2):108–12.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
40. ↵
    1. Lalive Rafael,
    2. Ours Jan Van,
    3. Zweimuller Josef

    . 2006. “How Changes in Financial Incentives Affect the Duration of Unemployment.” Review of Economic Studies 73(4):1009–38.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
41. ↵
    1. Lalive Rafael,
    2. Zweimuller Josef

    . 2004. “Benefit Entitlement and Unemployment Duration: The Role of Policy Endogeneity.” Journal of Public Economics 88(12):2587–616.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
42. ↵
    1. Lancaster Tony

    . 1990. The Econometric Analysis of Transition Data. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
43. ↵
    1. Lee David,
    2. Card David

    . 2007. “Regression Discontinuity and Specification Error.” Journal of Econometrics 142(2):655–74.

    OpenUrl
44. ↵
    1. Lee David,
    2. Lemieux Thomas

    . 2010. “Regression Discontinuity Designs in Economics.” Journal of Economics Literature 48(2):281–355.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
45. ↵
    1. McCrary Justin

    . 2008. “Manipulation of the Running Variable in the Regression Discontinuity Design: A Density Test.” Journal of Econometrics 142(2):698–714.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
46. ↵
    1. Meyer Bruce

    . 1989. “A Quasi-Experimental Approach to the Effects of Unemployment Insurance.” NBER Working Paper 3159. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
47. ↵
    1. Meyer Bruce

    . 1995. “Natural and Quasi-Experiments in Economics.” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 13(2):151–61.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
48. ↵
    1. Meyer Bruce,
    2. Mok Wallace

    . 2014. “A Short Review of Recent Evidence on the Disincentive Effects of Unemployment Insurance and New Evidence from New York State.” National Tax Journal 67(1):219–52.

    OpenUrl
49. ↵
    1. Mortensen Dale

    . 1977. “Unemployment Insurance and Job Search Decisions.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 30(4):505–17.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
50. ↵
    1. Mortensen Dale

    . 1986. “Job Search and Labor Market Analysis.” In Handbook of Labor Economics II, ed. Ashenfelter O., Layard R., 849–920. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
51. ↵
    1. Moffitt Robert

    . 1985. “Unemployment Insurance and the Distribution of Unemployment Spells.” Journal of Econometrics 28(1):85–101.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
52. ↵
    1. Moffitt Robert

    . 2014. “Unemployment Benefits and Unemployment.” IZA World of Labor 2014:13. doi:10.15185/izawol.13

    OpenUrlCrossRef
53. ↵
    1. Narendranathan Wiji,
    2. Stewart Mark

    . 1989. “Modeling the Probability of Leaving Unemployment: Competing Risks Models with Flexible Base-Line Hazards.” Applied Statistics 42(1):63–83.

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Nekoei Arash,
    2. Weber Andrea

    . 2017. “Does Extending Unemployment Benefits Improve Job Quality?” American Economic Review 107(2):527–61.

    OpenUrl
55. ↵
    1. Percoco Marco

    . 2014. “Regression Discontinuity Design: When Series Interrupt.” In Regional Perspectives on Policy Evaluation, 9–20. Springer Briefs in Regional Science. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09519-6_2

    OpenUrlCrossRef
56. ↵
    1. Rebollo-Sanz Yolanda

    . 2012. “Unemployment Insurance and Job Turnover in Spain.” Labour Economics 19(3):403–26.

    OpenUrl
57. ↵
    1. Rebollo-Sanz Yolanda,
    2. García-Pérez José Ignazio

    . 2015. “Are Unemployment Benefits Harmful to the Stability of Working Careers? The Case of Spain.” SERIEs, Journal of the Spanish Economic Association 6(1):1–41.

    OpenUrl
58. ↵
    1. Røed Knut,
    2. Zhang Tao

    . 2003. “Does Unemployment Compensation Affect Unemployment Duration?” The Economic Journal 113(484):190–206.

    OpenUrl
59. ↵
    1. Røed Knut,
    2. Zhang Tao

    . 2005. “Unemployment Duration and Economic Incentives—A Quasi Random-Assignment Approach.” European Economic Review 49(7):1799–825.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
60. ↵
    1. Rothstein Jesse

    . 2011. “Unemployment Insurance and Job Search in the Great Recession”.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 42(2):143–213.

    OpenUrl
61. 1. Schmieder Johannes,
    2. Wachter Till von,
    3. Bender Stefan

    . 2012. “The Long-Term Effects of Unemployment Insurance Extensions on Employment.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 102(3):520–25.

    OpenUrl
62. ↵
    1. Schmieder Johannes,
    2. Wachter Till von,
    3. Bender Stefan

    . 2014. “The Long-Term Impact of Job Displacement in Germany during the 1982 Recession on Earnings, Income, and Employment.” IZA Discussion Paper 8700. Bonn, Germany: IZA.
63. ↵
    1. Schmieder Johannes,
    2. Wachter Till von,
    3. Bender Stefan

    . 2016. “The Effect of Unemployment Insurance and Nonemployment Duration on Wages.” American Economic Review 106(3):739–77.

    OpenUrl
64. ↵
    1. Tatsiramos Konstantinos

    . 2009. “Unemployment Insurance in Europe: Unemployment Duration and Subsequent Employment Stability.” Journal of the European Economic Association 7(6):1225–60.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
65. ↵
    1. Tatsiramos Konstantinos,
    2. Ours Jan van

    . 2014. “Labor Market Effects of Unemployment Insurance Design.” Journal of Economic Surveys 28(2):284–311.

    OpenUrl
66. ↵
    1. Uusitalo Roope,
    2. Verho Jouko

    . 2010. “The Effect of Unemployment Benefits on Re-Employment Rates: Evidence from the Finnish Unemployment Insurance Reform.” Labour Economics 17(4):643–54.

    OpenUrl
67. ↵
    1. Van den Berg Gerard

    . 1990. “Search Behaviour, Transitions to Nonparticipation and the Duration of Unemployment.” Economic Journal 100(402):842–65.

    OpenUrl
68. ↵
    1. Van Ours Jan,
    2. Vodopivec Milan

    . 2008. “Does Reducing Unemployment Insurance Generosity Reduce Job Match Quality?” Journal of Public Economics 92(3–4):684–95.

    OpenUrl
69. ↵
    1. Winter-Ebmer Rudolf

    . 1998. “Potential Unemployment Benefit Duration and Spell Length: Lessons from a Quasi-Experiment in Austria.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 60(1):33–45.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science