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Research ArticleArticle
Open Access

The Role of Conferences on the Pathway to Academic Impact

Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Fernanda Leite Lopez de Leon and Ben McQuillin
Journal of Human Resources, January 2020, 55 (1) 164-193; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.55.1.1116-8387R
Fernanda Leite Lopez de Leon
Fernanda Leite Lopez de Leon is a senior lecturer in economics at University of Kent. Ben McQuillin is a senior lecturer in economics at University of East Anglia.
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Ben McQuillin
Fernanda Leite Lopez de Leon is a senior lecturer in economics at University of Kent. Ben McQuillin is a senior lecturer in economics at University of East Anglia.
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    Figure 1

    Article Characteristics

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    Figure 2

    Article Outcomes: SSRN Data

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    Article Outcomes: Google Scholar Data

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    Figure 4

    Article Outcomes: Online Availability of Working Paper

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    • View popup
    Table 1 Article Characteristics: Averages
    ALLAPSAMPSA
    Number of authors1.361.371.36
    Solo-authored70.9%71.2%70.7%
    Affiliation rank
      [1, 10]11.8%12.4%11.3%
      [11, 100]39.9%41.3%38.9%
      [101, N)48.3%46.2%49.8%
    Any author has a publication43.7%53.5%36.8%
    (No. publications) × (avg. impact factor)2.903.732.31
    Any author has a paper in SSRN16.2%19.9%13.5%
    n29,14212,07017,072
    • Notes: Observations are at the article level. We use institution rankings from Hix (2004) and use the highest-ranking affiliation among the article authors. The variable (no. publications) × (avg. impact factor) refers to the total number of publications by the paper authors multiplied by the average journal impact factor for these publications.

    • View popup
    Table 2 Articles’ Outcomes: Summary Statistics
    Observations
    MeanSDMin.Max.TotalAPSAMPSA
    Panel A: SSRN Data
    No. of SSRN downloads (3 years after)9.1455.7404,43729,14212,07017,072
    Posted in SSRN (3 years after)9.6%0129,14212,07017,072
    No. of SSRN downloads if in SSRN (3 years after)95.23155.5304,4372,7962,351445
    Panel B: Google Scholar Data
    Considering first 3 Google Scholar hits
      Found in Google Scholar27.3%0115,14412,0703,074
      At least 1 citation (2 years after)11.0%0115,14412,0703,074
      At least 2 citations (2 years after)8.0%0115,14412,0703,074
      At least 5 citations (2 years after)4.3%0115,14412,0703,074
      At least 10 citations (2 years after)2.4%0115,14412,0703,074
      No. of citations (2 years after)1.007.75035515,14412,0703,074
      At least 1 citation (4 years after)17.0%0115,14412,0703,074
      At least 2 citations (4 years after)12.9%0115,14412,0703,074
      At least 5 citations (4 years after)8.3%0115,14412,0703,074
      At least 10 citations (4 years after)5.7%0115,14412,0703,074
      No of citations (4 years after)3.9350.2703,13415,14412,0703,074
    Considering first 10 Google Scholar hits
      At least 1 citation (4 years after)18.7%0115,14412,0703,074
      At least 2 citations (4 years after)14.3%0115,14412,0703,074
      At least 5 citations (4 years after)9.4%0115,14412,0703,074
      At least 10 citations (4 years after)6.5%0115,14412,0703,074
      No. of citations (4 years after)4.8869.7505,31115,14412,0703,074
    • Notes: Observations are at the article level. In Panel A, “three years after” refers to 39 months after the 2012 conference dates. This panel uses the full paper sample (with all of the MPSA papers). In Panel B, “two years after” and “four years after” refer to 24 and 48 months after the 2012 conference dates. This panel uses the main paper sample (with 20 percent of the MPSA papers). The Google Scholar search is explained in Section III.B.4. When considering the first three Google Scholar hits, citation counts are used from the first paper, if there are any, among the first three hits that match (by criteria explained in the Section III.B.4) in title and authorship with the conference paper. When considering the first ten Google Scholar hits, we used the first such paper among the first ten hits.

    • View popup
    Table 3 Effects of Conferences on Articles’ Visibility: SSRN Outcomes
    Outcomes2012 × APSAn2012 × APSAn2012 × APSAn
    (1)(2)(3)
    (1)No. of downloads (all papers)

    –5.3509

    [1.5684]***

    29,101

    –5.0827

    [1.5770]***

    29,035

    –4.4649

    [1.7089]***

    21,524

    (2)Posted in SSRN

    –0.0225

    [0.0136]*

    29,101

    –0.0209

    [0.0136]*

    29,035

    –0.0134

    [0.0147]

    21,524

    (3)No. of downloads (if in SSRN)

    –26.9540

    [13.8090]*

    2,755

    –22.0643

    [13.9366]

    2,747

    –8.6627

    [16.3347]

    2,369

    Excluding articles that appear in both APSA and MPSA meetings
    (4)No. of downloads (all papers)

    –6.6393

    [1.6456]***

    27,120

    –6.5112

    [1.6537]***

    27,056

    –5.9000

    [1.7837]***

    19,910

    (5)Posted in SSRN

    –0.0301

    [0.0139]**

    27,120

    –0.0297

    [0.0139]**

    27,056

    –0.0203

    [0.01494]

    19,910

    (6)No. of downloads (if in SSRN)

    –46.1577

    [19.7582]**

    2,416

    –41.6065

    [19.8588]**

    2,408

    –34.9412

    [25.2535]

    2,090

    Article covariatesNoYesYes
    Matched sampleNoNoYes
    • ↵Notes: Observations are at the article level, and outcomes are recorded “three years after” the 2012 conference dates. Columns 1 and 2 use the full paper sample (with all of the MPSA papers), but exclude papers that accumulated more than 500 downloads. Column 3 uses the corresponding matched sample (explained in Section III.B.3 and described in Table A2). Each entry in Columns 1, 2, and 3 represents an estimate for the 2012 APSA coefficient from a separate regression. All regressions include controls for an indicator for whether the paper is in an APSA meeting, conference year dummies, and an APSA specific year trend. Regressions in Columns 2 and 3 also include covariates for the number of authors in the paper, the total number of publications by the article authors multiplied by the average journal impact factor, an indicator for whether any author had a previous paper posted in SSRN, and affiliation dummies (using the highest ranking affiliation among the article authors). Robust standard errors are in brackets. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.1.

    • View popup
    Table 4 Effects of Conferences on Articles’ Visibility: Google Scholar Outcomes (Two Years after 2012 Conferences)
    2012 × APSA
    Outcomes
    ≥1 Citation≥2 Citations≥5 Citations≥10 CitationsIn Google ScholarIn Google Scholar Excluding SSRN
    SampleArticle Controls(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)n
    (1)AllNone

    –0.0386

    [0.0185]**

    –0.0387

    [0.0155]**

    –0.0223

    [0.0108]**

    –0.0062

    [0.0083]

    –0.0554

    [0.0260]**

    –0.0477

    [0.0216]**

    15,144

    (2)AllArticle covariates and affiliation fixed effects

    –0.0333

    [0.0186]*

    –0.0340

    [0.0156]**

    –0.0192

    [0.0111]*

    –0.0042

    [0.0085]

    –0.0584

    [0.0263]**

    –0.0435

    [0.0218]**

    15,082

    (3)AllArticle covariates and author fixed effects

    –0.0824

    [0.0256]***

    –0.0719

    [0.0226]***

    –0.0454

    [0.0162]***

    –0.0132

    [0.0125]

    –0.1100

    [0.0337]***

    –0.0788

    [0.0277]***

    20,773

    (4)Exc. if in both conferencesArticle covariates and affiliation fixed effects

    –0.0277

    [0.0188]

    –0.0263

    [0.0156]*

    –0.0112

    [0.0115]

    0.0013

    [0.0087]

    –0.0388

    [0.0268]

    –0.0293

    [0.0225]

    13,909

    (5)MatchedArticle covariates and affiliation fixed effects

    –0.0389

    [0.0268]

    –0.0194

    [0.0221]

    0.0042

    [0.0152]

    0.0036

    [0.0118]

    –0.0762

    [0.0387]**

    –0.0308

    [0.0288]

    6,198

    (6)MatchedArticle covariates and author fixed effects

    –0.1265

    [0.0437]***

    –0.0901

    [0.0363]**

    –0.0541

    [0.0257]**

    –0.0287

    [0.0198]

    –0.1621

    [0.0592]***

    –0.1410

    [0.0472]***

    8,556

    • ↵Notes: Outcomes are recorded “two years after” the 2012 conference dates and consider the first three Google Scholar hits. Each entry represents an estimate for the 2012 APSA meeting coefficient from a separate regression, using the main article sample. Observations are at the article–author level in Rows 3 and 6 and at the article level in the remaining rows. All regressions include controls for an indicator for whether the paper is in an APSA meeting, conference year dummies, and an APSA specific year trend. Article covariates include the number of authors in the paper, the total number of publications by the article authors multiplied by the average journal impact factor, and an indicator for whether any author had a previous paper posted in SSRN. The matched sample is explained in Section III.B.3 and described in Table A2. Robust standard errors are in brackets. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

    • View popup
    Table 5 Effects of Conferences on Articles’ Visibility: Google Scholar Outcomes (Four Years after 2012 Conferences)
    2012 × APSA
    Outcomes
    ≥1 Citation≥2 Citations≥5 Citations≥10 Citations
    SampleArticle Controls(1)(2)(3)(4)n
    (1)AllNone

    –0.0660

    [0.0283]**

    –0.0542

    [0.0260]**

    –0.0297

    [0.0223]

    –0.0249

    [0.0191]

    15,144

    (2)AllArticle covariates and affiliation fixed effects

    –0.0567

    [0.0282]**

    –0.0435

    [0.0259]*

    –0.0230

    [0.0222]

    –0.0202

    [0.0191]

    15,082

    (3)AllArticle covariates and author fixed effects

    –0.0913

    [0.0362]**

    –0.0741

    [0.0325]**

    –0.0364

    [0.0293]

    –0.0378

    [0.0255]

    20,773

    (4)Exc. if in both conferencesArticle covariates and affiliation fixed effects

    –0.0576

    [0.0289]**

    –0.0400

    [0.0266]

    –0.0194

    [0.0229]

    –0.0181

    [0.0195]

    13,909

    (5)MatchedArticle covariates and affiliation fixed effects

    –0.0473

    [0.0363]

    –0.0283

    [0.0326]

    –0.0121

    [0.0273]

    –0.0125

    [0.0233]

    6,198

    (6)MatchedArticle covariates and author fixed effects

    –0.0882

    [0.0564]

    –0.0865

    [0.0513]*

    –0.0647

    [0.0442]

    –0.0499

    [0.0376]

    8,556

    • ↵Notes: Outcomes are recorded “four years after” the 2012 conference dates and consider the first ten Google Scholar hits. Each entry represents an estimate for the 2012 APSA meeting coefficient from a separate regression, using the main article sample. Observations are at the article–author level in Rows 3 and 6, and at the article level in the remaining rows. All regressions include controls for an indicator for whether the paper is in an APSA meeting, conference year dummies, and an APSA specific year trend. Article covariates include the number of authors in the paper, the total number of publications by the article authors multiplied by the average journal impact factor, and an indicator for whether any author had a previous paper posted in SSRN. The matched sample is explained in Section III.B.3 and described in Table A2. Robust standard errors are in brackets. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

    • View popup
    Table 6 Effects of Conferences on Who Cites the Article
    OLSFixed Effects
    OutcomesMean Dep. Variable2012 ×APSA (1)Mean Dep. Variable2012 × APSA (2)
    Cited by at least one academic …
    (1) … in the conference

    0.1072

    –0.0159

    [0.0231]

    0.1169

    –0.0532

    [0.0310]*

    (2) … in the same session

    0.0186

    –0.0115

    [0.0077]

    0.0205

    –0.0237

    [0.0126]*

    (3) … not in the conference

    0.1639

    –0.0409

    [0.0269]

    0.1759

    –0.0757

    [0.0350]**

    n15,08220,773
    • ↵Notes: Observations are at the article level in Column 1 and at the article-author level in Column 2. Outcomes are recorded “4 years after” after the 2012 conference dates, and consider the first 10 Google Scholar hits. (The analogous results considering the first 3 hits are reported in Table A7.) All regressions include controls for an indicator for whether the paper is in an APSA meeting, conference-year dummies, an APSA specific year trend, covariates for the number of authors in the paper and for the total number of publications by the article authors multiplied by the average journal impact factor, and an indicator for whether any author had a previous paper posted in SSRN. Regressions reported in Column 1 also include covariates for author-affiliation dummies (using the highest-ranking affiliation among the article authors). Regressions reported in Column 2 also include covariates for author-fixed effects. Robust standard errors are in brackets. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

    • View popup
    Table 7 Heterogeneous Conference Effects by Participation of Star Academic in the Session
    Cited by at Least One Academic
    ≥1 Citation≥2 Citations≥5 Citations≥10 Citations... Not in the Conference... in the Conference... in the Same Session
    (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
    Panel A: Average Impacts Reported in Table 5, Row 3
    (1)2012 × APSA

    –0.0913

    [0.0362]**

    –0.0741

    [0.0325]**

    –0.0364

    [0.0293]

    –0.0378

    [0.0255]

    –0.0757

    [0.0350]**

    –0.0532

    [0.0310]*

    –0.0237

    [0.0126]*

    Panel B: Impact of Conferences Decomposed by Session Type
    (2)2012 APSA × author_disc_chair_star

    –0.1530

    [0.0548]***

    –0.1293

    [0.0495]***

    –0.0677

    [0.0429]

    –0.0942

    [0.0371]**

    –0.1514

    [0.0527]***

    –0.1169

    [0.0468]**

    –0.0253

    [0.0223]

    (3)2012 APSA × disc_chair_star

    –0.0814

    [0.0614]

    –0.0796

    [0.0550]

    –0.0528

    [0.0470]

    –0.0435

    [0.0396]

    –0.0924

    [0.0578]

    –0.0752

    [0.0525]

    –0.0033

    [0.0211]

    (4)2012 APSA × author_star

    –0.0703

    [0.0406]*

    –0.0737

    [0.0369]**

    –0.0226

    [0.0334]

    –0.0289

    [0.0295]

    –0.0488

    [0.0399]

    –0.0269

    [0.0353]

    –0.0146

    [0.0147]

    (5)2012 APSA × norole_star

    –0.0937

    [0.0385]**

    –0.0657

    [0.0342]*

    –0.0334

    [0.0304]

    –0.0251

    [0.0264]

    –0.0715

    [0.0367]*

    –0.0505

    [0.0326]

    –0.0272

    [0.0135]**

    n20,773
    • ↵Notes: Observations are at article–author level and are recorded “four years after” after the 2012 conference dates. Each column in each panel provides estimates for the 2012 APSA meeting from a separate regression. Indicators (i) “author_disc_chair_star,” (ii) “disc_chair_star,” (iii) “author_chair_star,” and (iv) “norole_star,” respectively, denote articles in a session in which star academics: (i) are assigned as a chair/discussant and as an author of a paper, (ii) are assigned only as a chair/discussant, (iii) are assigned only as an author of a paper, or (iv) are assigned no role. Regressions in Panel A include controls for an indicator for whether the paper is in an APSA meeting, conference year dummies, an APSA specific year trend, covariates for the number of authors in the paper and for the total number of publications by the article authors multiplied by the average journal impact factor, an indicator for whether any author had a previous paper posted in SSRN, and author fixed effects. Regressions in Panel B include an indicator for whether the paper is in an APSA meeting, conference year dummies, four indicators for session type, four APSA-session-type specific year trends, an indicator for whether the article is authored by a star academic, covariates for the number of authors in the paper and for the total number of publications by the article authors multiplied by the average journal impact factor, an indicator for whether any author had a previous paper posted in SSRN, and author fixed effects. Robust standard errors are in brackets. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

    • View popup
    Table 8 Heterogeneous Conference Effects by Authorship
    2012 × APSA
    Affiliation RankCitations of Pub. Papers
    1–1011–100>100Zero≥1
    Outcomes
    (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
    Panel A
    (1)At least 1 citation

    0.1240

    [0.0949]

    –0.0743

    [0.0442]*

    –0.0890

    [0.0389]**

    –0.0713

    [0.0317]**

    –0.0434

    [0.0598]

    (2)At least 2 citations

    0.1017

    [0.0873]

    –0.0749

    [0.0397]*

    –0.0594

    [0.0364]

    –0.0544

    [0.0283]*

    –0.0277

    [0.0571]

    (3)At least 5 citations

    0.1029

    [0.0794]

    –0.0335

    [0.0331]

    –0.0469

    [0.0313]

    –0.0197

    [0.0243]

    –0.0404

    [0.0493]

    (4)At least 10 citations

    0.1015

    [0.0699]

    –0.0618

    [0.0276]**

    –0.0155

    [0.0273]

    –0.0091

    [0.0208]

    –0.0470

    [0.0424]

    Cited by at least one academic …
    (5)... not in the conference

    0.1023

    [0.0875]

    –0.0490

    [0.0418]

    –0.0718

    [0.0379]*

    –0.0519

    [0.0303]*

    –0.0285

    [0.0573]

    (6)... in the conference

    0.1446

    [0.0856]*

    –0.0580

    [0.0354]

    –0.0227

    [0.0313]

    –0.0072

    [0.0255]

    –0.0510

    [0.0508]

    (7)... in the same session

    0.0031

    [0.0258]

    –0.0218

    [0.0142]

    –0.0076

    [0.0086]

    0.0016

    [0.0079]

    –0.0399

    [0.0186]**

    n1,8416,1467,0959,9535,129
    No. of Publications Before the ConferenceAuthor Has Top Publication?
    Zero1 or 2>2NoYes
    Outcomes(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
    Panel B
    (1)At least 1 citation

    –0.0652

    [0.0342]*

    –0.0610

    [0.0702]

    –0.0537

    [0.0689]

    –0.0645

    [0.0306]**

    –0.0671

    [0.0718]

    (2)At least 2 citations

    –0.0474

    [0.0304]

    –0.0671

    [0.0637]

    –0.0192

    [0.0663]

    –0.0478

    [0.0276]*

    –0.0501

    [0.0685]

    (3)At least 5 citations

    –0.0058

    [0.0253]

    –0.1133

    [0.0549]**

    0.0050

    [0.0601]

    –0.0179

    [0.0235]

    –0.0472

    [0.0597]

    (4)At least 10 citations

    0.0126

    [0.0215]

    –0.1082

    [0.0485]**

    –0.0247

    [0.0515]

    –0.0108

    [0.0202]

    –0.0507

    [0.0520]

    Cited by at least one academic …
    (5)… not in the conference

    –0.0438

    [0.0324]

    –0.0893

    [0.0670]

    –0.0082

    [0.0671]

    –0.0478

    [0.0292]

    –0.0406

    [0.0690]

    (6)… in the conference

    –0.0051

    [0.0266]

    –0.0248

    [0.0582]

    –0.0398

    [0.0601]

    –0.0073

    [0.0244]

    –0.0680

    [0.0626]

    (7)… in the same session

    0.0076

    [0.0079]

    –0.0031

    [0.0166]

    –0.0597

    [0.0242]**

    0.0016

    [0.0075]

    –0.0531

    [0.0246]**

    n7,4513,4124,21911,3313,751
    • ↵Notes: Observations are at article level and are recorded “four years after” after the 2012 conference dates. Each column in each panel provides estimates for the 2012 APSA meeting from a separate regression. All regressions include controls for an indicator for whether the paper is in an APSA meeting, conference year dummies, an APSA specific year trend, covariates for the number of authors in the paper, and an indicator for whether any author had a previous paper posted in SSRN. Regressions in Panel A, Columns 1–3 also include controls for the total number of publications by the article authors multiplied by the average journal impact factor. Regressions in Panel A, Columns 4–5 also include controls for the total number of publications by the article authors multiplied by the average journal impact factor and author affiliation dummies. Regressions in Panel B also include controls for author affiliation dummies. Robust standard errors are in brackets. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

Additional Files

  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Free alternate access to The Journal of Human Resources supplementary materials is available at https://uwpress.wisc.edu/journals/journals/jhr-supplementary.html

    • JHRv55n01.pdf
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Journal of Human Resources: 55 (1)
Journal of Human Resources
Vol. 55, Issue 1
1 Jan 2020
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The Role of Conferences on the Pathway to Academic Impact
Fernanda Leite Lopez de Leon, Ben McQuillin
Journal of Human Resources Jan 2020, 55 (1) 164-193; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.55.1.1116-8387R

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The Role of Conferences on the Pathway to Academic Impact
Fernanda Leite Lopez de Leon, Ben McQuillin
Journal of Human Resources Jan 2020, 55 (1) 164-193; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.55.1.1116-8387R
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Conferences and Academic Impact
    • III. Data and Methodology
    • IV. Results
    • V. Conclusion
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
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Keywords

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