Research ArticleArticles

Do Low-Wage Employers Discriminate against Applicants with Long Commutes?

Evidence from a Correspondence Experiment

David C. Phillips
Journal of Human Resources, July 2020, 55 (3) 864-901; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.55.3.1016-8327R

References

  1. ↵
    1. Aliprantis D.
    2017. “Assessing the Evidence on Neighborhood Effects from Moving to Opportunity.” Empirical Economics 52(3):925–54.
    OpenUrl
  2. ↵
    1. Andersson F.,
    2. Haltiwanger J.C.,
    3. Kutzbach M.J.,
    4. Pollakowski H.O.,
    5. Weinberg D.H.
    2018. “Job Displacement and the Duration of Joblessness: The Role of Spatial Mismatch.” Review of Economics and Statistics 100(2):203–18.
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Arceo-Gomez E.O.,
    2. Campos-Vazquez R.M.
    2014. “Race and Marriage in the Labor Market: A Discrimination Correspondence Study in a Developing Country.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 104(5):376–80.
    OpenUrl
    1. Åslund O.,
    2. Östh J.,
    3. Zenou Y.
    2010. “How Important Is Access to Jobs? Old Question—Improved Answer.” Journal of Economic Geography 10(3):389–422.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  5. ↵
    1. Becker G.S.
    1971. The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  6. ↵
    1. Bertrand M.,
    2. Mullainathan S.
    2004. “Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination.” American Economic Review 94(4):991–1013.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    1. Bonnet F.,
    2. Lalé E.,
    3. Safi M.,
    4. Wasmer E.
    2015. “Better Residential Than Ethnic Discrimination! Reconciling Audit and Interview Findings in the Parisian Housing Market.” Urban Studies 53(13):2815–33.
    OpenUrl
  8. ↵
    1. Chetty R.,
    2. Hendren N.
    2018. “The Effects of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility I: Childhood Exposures Effects.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 133(3):1107–62.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  9. ↵
    1. Chetty R.,
    2. Hendren N.,
    3. Katz L.
    2016. “The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment.” American Economic Review 106(4):855–902.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. ↵
    1. Chyn E.
    2018. “Moved to Opportunity: The Long-Run Effect of Public Housing Demolition on Children.” American Economic Review 108(10):3028–56.
    OpenUrl
  11. ↵
    1. Coulson N.E.,
    2. Laing D.,
    3. Wang P.
    2001. “Spatial Mismatch in Search Equilibrium.” Journal of Labor Economics 19(4):949–72.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  12. ↵
    1. Duguet E.,
    2. Leandri N.,
    3. L’Horty Y.,
    4. Petit P.
    2010. “Are Young French Jobseekers of Ethnic Immigrant Origin Discriminated Against? A Controlled Experiment in the Paris Area.” Annals of Economics and Statistics 99/100:187–215.
    OpenUrl
  13. ↵
    1. Eriksson S.,
    2. Rooth D.O.
    2014. “Do Employers Use Unemployment as a Sorting Criterion When Hiring? Evidence from a Field Experiment.” American Economic Review 104(3):1014–39.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  14. ↵
    1. Farber H.,
    2. Silverman D.,
    3. von Wachter T.
    2016. “Determinants of Callbacks to Job Applications: An Audit Study.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 106(5):314–18.
    OpenUrl
  15. ↵
    1. Franklin S.
    2018. “Location, Search Costs and Youth Unemployment: Experimental Evidence from Transport Subsidies.” Economic Journal 128(614):2353–79.
    OpenUrl
  16. ↵
    1. Fujita M.
    1991. Urban Economic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  17. ↵
    1. Galiani S.,
    2. Murphy A.,
    3. Pantano J.
    2015. “Estimating Neighborhood Choice Models: Lessons from a Housing Assistance Experiment.” American Economic Review 105(11):3385–415.
    OpenUrl
  18. ↵
    1. Gobillon L.,
    2. Selod H.,
    3. Zenou Y.
    2007. “The Mechanisms of Spatial Mismatch.” Urban Studies 44(12):2401–27.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  19. ↵
    1. Heckman J.
    1998. “Detecting Discrimination.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(2):101–16.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  20. ↵
    1. Heckman J.,
    2. Siegelman P.
    1993. “The Urban Institute Audit Studies: Their Methods and Findings.” In Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America, ed. Fix, Struyk, 187–258. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
  21. ↵
    1. Hellerstein J.,
    2. Neumark D.,
    3. McInerney M.
    2008. “Spatial Mismatch or Racial Mismatch?” Journal of Urban Economics 64(2):464–79.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  22. ↵
    1. Holzer H.J.,
    2. Reaser J.
    2000. “Black Applicants, Black Employees, and Urban Labor Market Policy.” Journal of Urban Economics 48(3):365–87.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  23. ↵
    1. Kain J.
    1968. “Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 82(2):175–97.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  24. ↵
    1. Kling J.,
    2. Liebman J.,
    3. Katz L.
    2007. “Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects.” Econometrica 75:83–119.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  25. ↵
    1. Kneebone E.
    2014. “The Growth and Spread of Concentrated Poverty, 2000 to 2008–2012.” Brookings Institution Research Brief. Washington, DC: Brookings.
  26. ↵
    1. Kroft K.,
    2. Lange F.,
    3. Notowidigdo M.J.
    2013. “Duration Dependence and Labor Market Conditions: Evidence from a Field Experiment.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 128(3):1123–67.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  27. ↵
    1. Lahey J.N.
    2008. “Age, Women, and Hiring: An Experimental Study.” Journal of Human Resources 43(1):30–56.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  28. ↵
    1. Ludwig Jens,
    2. Duncan Greg J.,
    3. Gennetian Lisa A.,
    4. Katz Lawrence F.,
    5. Kessler Ronald C.,
    6. Kling Jeffrey R.,
    7. Sanbonmatsu Lisa
    . 2012. “Neighborhood Effects on the Long-Term Well-Being of Low-Income Adults.” Science 337(6101):1505–10.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  29. ↵
    1. Ludwig Jens,
    2. Kling Jeffrey R.,
    3. Mullainathan Sendhil
    . 2011. “Mechanism Experiments and Policy Evaluations.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 25(3):17–38.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  30. ↵
    1. Manning Alan,
    2. Petrongolo Barbara
    . 2017. “How Local Are Labor Markets? Evidence from a Spatial Job Search Model.” American Economic Review 107(10):2877–907.
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    1. Marinescu I.,
    2. Rathelot R.
    2018. “Mismatch Unemployment and the Geography of Job Search.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 10(3):42–70.
    OpenUrl
  32. ↵
    1. McCall J.J.
    1970. “Economics of Information and Job Search.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 84(1):113–26.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  33. ↵
    1. Miller C.
    2018. “When Work Moves: Job Suburbanization and Black Employment.” NBER Working Paper 24728. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
  34. ↵
    1. Mulalic I.,
    2. Van Ommeren J.N.,
    3. Pilegaard N.
    2014. “Wages and Commuting: Quasi-Natural Experiments’ Evidence from Firms that Relocate.” The Economic Journal 124(579):1086–105.
    OpenUrl
  35. ↵
    1. Neumark D.
    2012. “Detecting Discrimination in Audit and Correspondence Studies.” Journal of Human Resources 47(4):1128–57.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  36. ↵
    1. Neumark David,
    2. Burn Ian,
    3. Button Patrick
    . 2019. “Is It Harder for Older Workers to Find Jobs? New and Improved Evidence from a Field Experiment.” Journal of Political Economy 127(2):922–70.
    OpenUrl
  37. ↵
    1. NYC Open Data
    . 2009. “Most Popular Baby Names by Sex and Mother’s Ethnic Group.” https://nycopendata.socrata.com/ (accessed April 24, 2014).
  38. ↵
    1. Oreopoulos P.
    2011. “Why Do Skilled Immigrants Struggle in the Labor Market? A Field Experiment with Thirteen Thousand Resumes.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 3(4):148–71.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  39. ↵
    1. Phelps E.S.
    1972. “The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism.” American Economic Review 62(4):659–61.
    OpenUrl
  40. ↵
    1. Phillips D.C.
    2014. “Getting to Work: Experimental Evidence on Job Search and Transportation Costs.” Labour Economics 29:72–82.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  41. ↵
    1. Phillips David C.
    2019. “Replication Data for ‘Do Low-Wage Employers Discriminate against Applicants with Long Commutes? Evidence from a Correspondence Experiment.’” Cambridge, MA: Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/GLE7OM
  42. ↵
    1. Quigley J.M.,
    2. Raphael S.,
    3. Sanbonmatsu L.,
    4. Weinberg B.A.
    2008. “Neighborhoods, Economic Self-Sufficiency, and the MTO Program.” Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs 2008:1–46.
    OpenUrl
  43. ↵
    1. Rosenbaum J.E.
    1995. “Changing the Geography of Opportunity by Expanding Residential Choice: Lessons from the Gautreaux Program.” Housing Policy Debate 6(1):231–69.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  44. ↵
    1. Sanchis-Guarner R.
    2014. “Driving Up Wages: The Effects of Road Construction in Great Britain.” SERC Discussion Paper 120. London: Spatial Economics Research Centre, LSE
  45. ↵
    1. Stoll M.A.
    2005. “Job Sprawl and the Spatial Mismatch between Blacks and Jobs.” Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program.
  46. ↵
    1. Tunstall R.,
    2. Green A.,
    3. Lupton R.,
    4. Watmough S.,
    5. Bates K.
    2014. “Does Poor Neighbourhood Reputations Create a Neighbourhood Effect on Employment? The Results of a Field Experiment in the UK.” Urban Studies 51(4):763–80.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  47. ↵
    1. Van Ommeren J.N.,
    2. Gutiérrez-i-Puigarnau E.
    2011. “Are Workers with a Long Commute Less Productive? An Empirical Analysis of Absenteeism.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 41(1):1–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  48. ↵
    1. Wilson W.J.
    1997. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Vintage Books.
  49. ↵
    1. Zax J.,
    2. Kain J.
    1996. “Moving to the Suburbs: Do Relocating Companies Leave Their Black Employees Behind?” Journal of Labor Economics 14(3):472–504.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  50. ↵
    1. Zenou Y.
    2002. “How Do Firms Redline Workers?” Journal of Urban Economics 52(3):391–408.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  51. ↵
    1. Zenou Y.
    2009. Urban Labor Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  52. ↵
    1. Zenou Y.,
    2. Boccard N.
    2000. “Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities.” Journal of Urban Economics 48(2):260–85.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools
Do Low-Wage Employers Discriminate against Applicants with Long Commutes?
David C. Phillips
Journal of Human Resources Jul 2020, 55 (3) 864-901; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.55.3.1016-8327R
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

Keywords