Teen Fertility and Siblings’ Outcomes

Notes: Robust standard errors clustered by family ID. Analyses include all controls from Table 1. Column 1 includes all children from non-teen-childbearing families as controls, with control students’ t = 0 set at their seventh observation (mean age = 13.6). Column 2 includes matches to younger siblings from non-teen-childbearing families to the teen aunts/uncles based on the first-observed characteristics, including first-observed test scores. Column 3 replaces first-observed test scores with scores from two years before birth. Column 4 replaces one observed test score with three-year test score fiends (t = −2, −3, and −4). Column 5 adds three-year family average test score trends. Column 6 adds the neighborhood requirement. Scores at t = 0, repeats grade, drops out, juvenile justice, and college-going outcomes include one weighted observation from the siblings and their controls. Column 1 test scores at t = 0 include multiple observations per individual control. Fixed-effects models include all available observations from t = −5 to t = +2 from the siblings and their noted controls, excluding t = −1. Test scores reported as nationally norm-referenced percentiles (1–100). The mean for the preferred IND+FAM control group scores at the percentile 43.6 in t = 0, with 27.1 percent repeating a grade in any year following the birth, 15.5 percent dropping out following the birth, 7.8 percent juvenile justice system exposure following the birth, 56.6 percent college attendance, 26.2 percent obtaining any degree or certificate, and 17.0 percent obtaining a four-year degree.

Notes: Robust standard errors clustered by family ID. Column 1 is the preferred IND+FAM trajectory estimate from the Table 2; later columns repeat the analysis by subgroups. Test scores reported as nationally norm-referenced percentiles (1–100).

Notes: Robust standard errors clustered by family ID. All analyses based on the trajectory matches with other controls and same neighborhood requirement. Column 1 conducts the analysis for the older siblings of teen mothers. These teen aunts/uncles are over 18 years old. I use an IND+FAM match because the IND+FAM+NBHD model has very low N. I use the six, seven, and eight years before the birth to estimate the trajectory, as these are the years with at least 50 percent of the test score data for the siblings who are 18 or older at the time of the birth. Outcomes are postsecondary, though it is possible that the siblings may have started or completed college by the time of birth. The outcome is Column 2 examines the outcomes for the IND+FAM control group two years before the birth. Columns 3 and 4 conduct the IND+FAM and IND+FAM+NBHD analysis using 200 randomly selected families without teen childbearing in their family who had been used in the IND+FAM analysis as controls. These former controls are treated as a placebo group and matched to a new set of matches, and the analysis displays the comparison between these placebos and their matched controls.

Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Outcomes are time use in minutes. Sleep, school, work, and childcare as primary activities are mutually exclusive. Any childcare time (Column 5) includes any time spent on childcare as a primary or secondary activity. Time with friends and parents are time spent on any activity where the respondent reported those individuals were present population includes 15-, 16-, and 17-year-old American Time Use Survey respondents who do not live with their own child (a proxy for nonparents). Displays the estimated difference in time use for the aunts/uncles of young children who live in the same home relative to other teens. Teen aunts/uncles identified as respondents with related, non-own, non-sibling child under the age of five in their household. Analysis controls for sex, own mother’s education, race/ethnicity, metropolitan status, age fixed effects, day of the week, an indicator for holidays, and month fixed effects. Panels B and C split the analysis by week days and weekend/holidays, respectively.