Female | 0.476
(0.499) | 0.417
(0.493) | 0.488
(0.500) | −0.007
(0.007) |
Urban hukou | 0.483
(0.500) | 0.252
(0.434) | 0.528
(0.499) | −0.024*
(0.011) |
Only child | 0.423
(0.494) | 0.145
(0.352) | 0.478
(0.500) | −0.022***
(0.007) |
Student age in years | 13.585
(0.746) | 14.306
(0.806) | 13.443
(0.645) | 0.179***
(0.014) |
Mother education in years | 9.618
(3.573) | 7.509
(3.206) | 10.033
(3.494) | −0.002
(0.002) |
Father education in years | 10.393
(3.141) | 8.716
(2.433) | 10.725
(3.160) | −0.002
(0.002) |
Low income | 0.212
(0.408) | 0.370
(0.483) | 0.180
(0.385) | 0.006
(0.011) |
Mother occupation | | | | |
Civil servants and government officials | 0.034
(0.182) | 0.012
(0.109) | 0.038
(0.192) | |
Executives and managers | 0.052
(0.223) | 0.012
(0.109) | 0.060
(0.238) | 0.012
(0.019) |
Teachers, engineers, doctors, and lawyers | 0.060
(0.237) | 0.019
(0.136) | 0.068
(0.252) | 0.013
(0.018) |
Technicians (including drivers) | 0.043
(0.204) | 0.049
(0.216) | 0.042
(0.201) | 0.026
(0.023) |
Manufacturing workers | 0.117
(0.322) | 0.137
(0.344) | 0.113
(0.317) | −0.003
(0.020) |
Marketing, sales, and service | 0.150
(0.357) | 0.104
(0.306) | 0.159
(0.366) | 0.008
(0.018) |
Self-employed | 0.162
(0.368) | 0.116
(0.321) | 0.170
(0.376) | 0.005
(0.018) |
Farmers | 0.219
(0.414) | 0.394
(0.489) | 0.185
(0.389) | 0.010
(0.028) |
Unemployed | 0.092
(0.289) | 0.075
(0.264) | 0.095
(0.293) | 0.010
(0.020) |
Other | 0.070
(0.255) | 0.080
(0.272) | 0.068
(0.252) | 0.046*
(0.021) |
Father occupation | | | | |
Civil servants and government officials | 0.052
(0.223) | 0.025
(0.155) | 0.058
(0.233) | Omitted
|
Executives and managers | 0.085
(0.279) | 0.018
(0.133) | 0.098
(0.297) | −0.031+
(0.016) |
Teachers, engineers, doctors, and lawyers | 0.071
(0.257) | 0.052
(0.221) | 0.075
(0.263) | 0.009
(0.016) |
Technicians (including drivers) | 0.176
(0.381) | 0.179
(0.383) | 0.176
(0.381) | −0.016
(0.018) |
Manufacturing workers | 0.093
(0.290) | 0.106
(0.308) | 0.090
(0.287) | −0.028
(0.019) |
Marketing, sales, and service | 0.166
(0.273) | 0.117
(0.253) | 0.176
(0.276) | −0.019
(0.019) |
Self-employed | 0.166
(0.372) | 0.117
(0.321) | 0.176
(0.381) | −0.028
(0.018) |
Farmers | 0.189
(0.392) | 0.340
(0.474) | 0.160
(0.367) | 0.003
(0.028) |
Unemployed | 0.025
(0.157) | 0.022
(0.146) | 0.026
(0.159) | −0.033
(0.024) |
Other | 0.061
(0.239) | 0.073
(0.261) | 0.058
(0.234) | −0.023
(0.020) |
Family risk factors | | | | |
At least one parent is absent from home | 0.246
-0.431 | 0.399
-0.450 | 0.220
-0.412 | 0.001
(0.009) |
Father gets drunk regularly | 1.082
(0.274) | 1.110
(0.313) | 1.076
(0.266) | 0.031*
(0.013) |
Parents always quarrel | 1.096
(0.295) | 1.126
(0.332) | 1.090
(0.287) | 0.004
(0.014) |
Observations | 8,454 | 1,392 | 7,062 | 8,454 |