Research ArticleArticles

Conscientiousness, Extraversion, College Education, and Longevity of High-Ability Individuals

Peter A. Savelyev
Journal of Human Resources, September 2022, 57 (5) 1526-1565; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.58.1.0918-9720R2

References

  1. ↵
    1. Aitken, Murray, and
    2. Donald B. Rubin
    . 1985. “Estimation and Hypothesis Testing in Finite Mixture Models.” Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series B 47(1):67–75.
    OpenUrl
  2. ↵
    1. Albouy, Valerie, and
    2. Laurent Lequien
    . 2009. “Does Compulsory Education Lower Mortality?” Journal of Health Economics 28:155–68.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    1. Allensworth, Diane,
    2. Elaine Lawson,
    3. Lois Nicholson,
    4. and James Wyche
    , eds. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation’s Investment. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
  4. ↵
    1. Almlund, Mathilde,
    2. Angela L. Duckworth,
    3. James J. Heckman, and
    4. Tim Kautz
    . 2011. “Personality Psychology and Economics.” In Handbook of the Economics of Education, Volume 4, ed. Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin, and Ludger Woßmann, 1–181. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
    OpenUrl
  5. ↵
    1. Amin, Vikesh,
    2. Jere R. Behrman, and
    3. Hans-Peter Kohler
    . 2015. “Schooling Has Smaller or Insignificant Effects on Adult Health in the US than Suggested by Cross-Sectional Associations: New Estimates Using Relatively Large Samples of Identical Twins.” Social Science & Medicine 127:181–89.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Anderson, Theodore W., and
    2. Herman Rubin
    . 1956. “Statistical Inference in Factor Analysis.” In Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Volume 5, ed. Jerzy Neyman, 111–50. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    OpenUrl
  7. ↵
    1. Apouey, Benedicte, and
    2. Andrew E. Clark
    . 2015. “Winning Big but Feeling No Better? The Effect of Lottery Prizes on Physical and Mental Health.” Health Economics 24:516–38.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Arendt, Jacob N.
    2005. “Does Education Cause Better Health? A Panel Data Analysis Using School Reforms for Identification.” Economics of Education Review 24(2):49–160.
    OpenUrl
  9. ↵
    1. Arias, Elizabeth.
    2012. “United States Life Tables, 2008.” National Vital Statistics Reports 61(3). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_03.pdf (accessed June 17, 2020).
  10. ↵
    1. Auld, M. Christopher, and
    2. Nirmal Sidhu
    . 2005. “Schooling, Cognitive Ability and Health.” Health Economics 14(10):1019–34.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    1. Batty, G. David,
    2. Ian J. Deary, and
    3. Linda S. Gottfredson
    . 2007a. “Premorbid (Early Life) IQ and Later Mortality Risk: Systematic Review.” Annals of Epidemiology 17(4):278–88.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Batty, G. David,
    2. K. Modig Wennerstad,
    3. G. Davey Smith,
    4. David Gunnell,
    5. Ian J. Deary,
    6. Per Tynelius, and
    7. Finn Rasmussen
    . 2007b. “IQ in Early Adulthood and Later Cancer Risk: Cohort Study of One Million Swedish Men.” Annals of Oncology 18(1):21–28.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  13. ↵
    1. Batty, G. David,
    2. Catharine R. Gale,
    3. Per Tynelius,
    4. Ian J. Deary, and
    5. Finn Rasmussen
    . 2009a. “IQ in Early Adulthood, Socioeconomic Position, and Unintentional Injury Mortality by Middle Age: A Cohort Study of More than 1 Million Swedish Men.” American Journal of Epidemiology 169(5):606–15.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    1. Batty, G. David,
    2. Karin M. Wennerstad,
    3. George D. Smith,
    4. David Gunnell,
    5. Ian J. Deary,
    6. Per Tynelius, and
    7. Finn Rasmussen
    . 2009b. “IQ in Early Adulthood and Mortality by Middle Age: Cohort Study of 1 Million Swedish Men.” Epidemiology 20(1):100–109.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    1. Becker, Gary S.
    2007. “Health as Human Capital: Synthesis and Extensions.” Oxford Economic Papers 59(3):379–410.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  16. ↵
    1. Behrman, Jere R.,
    2. Hans-Peter Kohler,
    3. Vibeke Myrup Jensen,
    4. Dorthe Pedersen,
    5. Inge Petersen,
    6. Paul Bingley, and
    7. Kaare Christensen
    . 2011. “Does More Schooling Reduce Hospitalization and Delay Mortality? New Evidence Based on Danish Twins.” Demography 4(48):1347–75.
    OpenUrl
  17. ↵
    1. Bijwaard, Govert E.,
    2. Hans van Kippersluis, and
    3. Justus Veenman
    . 2015. “Education and Health: The Role of Cognitive Ability.” Journal of Health Economics 42:29–43.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  18. ↵
    1. Bijwaard, Govert E., and
    2. Andrew M. Jones
    . 2019. “An IPW Estimator for Mediation Effects in Hazard Models: With an Application to Schooling, Cognitive Ability and Mortality.” Empirical Economics 57:129–75.
    OpenUrl
  19. ↵
    1. Bijwaard, Govert E.,
    2. Mikko Myrskyla,
    3. Per Tynelius, and
    4. Finn Rasmussen
    . 2017. “Educational Gains in Cause-Specific Mortality: Accounting For Cognitive Ability and Family-Level Confounders Using Propensity Score Weighting.” Social Science & Medicine 184:49–56.
    OpenUrl
    1. Bijwaard, Govert E.,
    2. Frans van Poppel,
    3. Peter Ekamper, and
    4. L.H. Lumey
    . 2015. “Gains in Life Expectancy Associated with Higher Education in Men.” PloS One 10(10):e0141200.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. ↵
    1. Bolyard, Atticus, and
    2. Peter A. Savelyev
    . 2021. “Understanding the Educational Attainment Polygenic Score and Its Interactions with SES in Determining Health in Young Adulthood.” http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3397735
  22. ↵
    1. Borghans, Lex,
    2. Angela L. Duckworth,
    3. James J. Heckman, and
    4. Bas ter Weel
    . 2008. “The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits.” Journal of Human Resources 43(4):972–1059.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  23. ↵
    1. Bowen, William G.,
    2. Matthew M. Chingos, and
    3. Michael S. McPherson
    . 2009. “Finishing College at Public Universities.” In Crossing the Finish Line: Completing College at America’s Public Universities, 32–56. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  24. ↵
    1. Brown, Jeffrey,
    2. Jeffrey B. Liebman, and
    3. Joshua Pollet
    . 2002. “Appendix. Estimating Life Tables That Reflect Socioeconomic Differences in Mortality.” In The Distributional Aspects of Social Security and Social Reform, 447–58. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  25. ↵
    1. Buckles, Kasey,
    2. Andreas Hagemann,
    3. Ofer Malamud,
    4. Melinda Morrill, and
    5. Abigail Wozniak
    . 2016. “The Effect of College Education on Mortality.” Journal of Health Economics 50:99–114.
    OpenUrl
  26. ↵
    1. Calvin, Catherine M.,
    2. Ian J. Deary,
    3. Candida Fenton,
    4. Beverly A Roberts,
    5. Geoff Der,
    6. Nicola Leckenby, and
    7. G. David Batty
    . 2011. “Intelligence in Youth and All-Cause-Mortality: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Epidemiology 40(3):626–44.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  27. ↵
    1. Cameron, Colin A., and
    2. Pravin K. Trivedi
    . 2005. Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  28. ↵
    1. Castleman, Benjamin L., and
    2. Lindsay C. Page
    . 2014. “ATrickle or a Torrent? Understanding the Extent of Summer “Melt” among College-Intending High School Graduates.” Social Science Quarterly 95(1):202–20.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  29. ↵
    1. Cesarini, David,
    2. Erik Lindqvist,
    3. Robert Ostling, and
    4. Bjorn Wallace
    . 2016. “Wealth, Health, and Child Development: Evidence from Administrative Data on Swedish Lottery Players.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131:687–738.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  30. ↵
    1. Chapman, Benjamin P.,
    2. Brent Roberts, and
    3. Paul Duberstein
    . 2011. “Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine.” Journal of Aging Research 2011:759170.
  31. ↵
    1. Clark, Damon, and
    2. Heather Royer
    . 2013. “The Effect of Education on Adult Mortality and Health: Evidence from Britain.” American Economic Review 103(6):2087–120.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. ↵
    1. Cobb-Clark, Deborah A.,
    2. Sonja C. Kassenboehmer, and
    3. Stefanie Schurer
    . 2014. “Healthy Habits: The Connection between Diet, Exercise, and Locus of Control.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 98:1–28.
    OpenUrl
  33. ↵
    1. Conti, Gabriella, and
    2. James J. Heckman
    . 2010. “Understanding the Early Origins of the Education Health Gradient: A Framework That Can Also Be Applied to Analyze Gene–Environment Interactions.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 5(5):585–605.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  34. ↵
    1. Conti, Gabriella,
    2. James J. Heckman, and
    3. Sergio Urzua
    . 2010. “The Education–Health Gradient.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 100(2):234–38.
    OpenUrl
  35. ↵
    1. Currie, Janet, and
    2. Enrico Moretti
    . 2003. “Mother’s Education and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from College Openings.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(4):1495–532.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  36. ↵
    1. Cutler, David M.,
    2. Kaushik Ghosh, and
    3. Mary Beth Landrum
    . 2014. “Evidence for Significant Compression of Morbidity in the Elderly U.S. Population.” In Discoveries in the Economics of Aging, ed. D. Wise, 21–51. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  37. ↵
    1. Cutler, David M., and
    2. Adriana Lleras-Muney
    . 2008. “Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence.” In Making Americans Healthier: Social and Economic Policy as Health Policy, ed. Robert F. Schoeni, James S. House, George A. Kaplan, and Harold Pollack, 29–60. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  38. ↵
    1. Darden, Michael E.,
    2. Donna B. Gilleskie, and
    3. Koleman Strumpf
    . 2018. “Smoking and Mortality: New Evidence from a Long Panel.” International Economic Review 59(3):1571–619.
    OpenUrl
  39. ↵
    1. Darden, Michael E., and
    2. Nicholas W. Papageorge
    . 2018. “Rational Self-Medication.” NBER Working Paper 25371. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
  40. ↵
    1. de Walque, Damien.
    2007. “Does Education Affect Smoking Behaviors? Evidence Using the Vietnam Draft as an Instrument for College Education.” Journal of Health Economics 26(5): 877–95.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  41. ↵
    1. de Walque, Damien.
    2010. “Education, Information, and Smoking Decisions: Evidence from Smoking Histories in the United States, 1940–2000.” Journal of Human Resources 45(3):682–717.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  42. ↵
    1. Friedman, Howard S.
    2000. “Long-Term Relations of Personality and Health: Dynamism, Mechanisms, Tropisms.” Journal of Personality 68(6):1089–107.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    1. Friedman, Howard S.,
    2. Margaret L. Kern, and
    3. Chandra A. Reynolds
    . 2010. “Personality and Health, Subjective Well-Being, and Longevity.” Journal of Personality 78(1):179–216.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  44. ↵
    1. Friedman, Howard S.,
    2. Joan S. Tucker,
    3. Joseph E. Schwartz,
    4. Leslie R. Martin,
    5. Carol Tomlinson-Keasey,
    6. Deborah L. Wingard, and
    7. Michael H. Criqui
    . 1995. “Childhood Conscientiousness and Longevity: Health Behaviors and Cause of Death.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68(4):696–703.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  45. ↵
    1. Friedman, Howard S.,
    2. Joan S. Tucker,
    3. Carol Tomlinson-Keasey,
    4. Joseph E. Schwartz,
    5. Deborah L. Wingard, and
    6. Michael H. Criqui
    . 1993. “Does Childhood Personality Predict Longevity?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65(1):176–85.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  46. ↵
    1. Frijters, Paul,
    2. John P. Haisken-DeNewb, and
    3. Michael A. Shields
    . 2005. “The Causal Effect of Income on Health: Evidence from German Reunification.” Journal of Health Economics 24:997–1017.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  47. ↵
    1. Galama, Titus J., and
    2. Hans van Kippersluis
    . 2015. “A Theory of Education and Health.” CESR-Schaeffer Working Paper 2015-001.
  48. ↵
    1. Galama, Titus J.,
    2. Adriana Lleras-Muney, and
    3. Hans van Kippersluis
    . 2018. “The Effect of Education on Health and Mortality: A Review of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia, Economics and Finance https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.7
  49. ↵
    1. Gardner, Jonathan, and
    2. Andrew J. Oswald
    . 2007. “Money and Mental Wellbeing: A Longitudinal Study of Medium-Sized Lottery Wins.” Journal of Health Economics 26:49–60.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  50. ↵
    1. Gensowski, Miriam.
    2018. “Personality, IQ, and Lifetime Earnings.” Labour Economics 51: 170–83.
    OpenUrl
  51. ↵
    1. Gilleskie, Donna.
    2014. “Dynamic Models: Econometric Considerations of Time.” In Encyclopedia of Health Economics, Volume 1, ed. A.J. Culyer, 209–16. New York: Elsevier.
    OpenUrl
  52. ↵
    1. Grimard, Franque, and
    2. Daniel Parent
    . 2007. “Education and Smoking: Were Vietnam War Draft Avoiders Also More Likely to Avoid Smoking?” Journal of Health Economics 26(5):896–926.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  53. ↵
    1. Grossman, Michael.
    2000. “The Human Capital Model.” In Handbook of Health Economics, Volume 1, ed. Anthony J. Culyer and Joseph P. Newhouse, 347–408. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  54. ↵
    1. Grossman, Michael.
    2015. “The Relationship between Health and Schooling: What’s New?” Nordic Journal of Health Economics 3(1):7–17.
    OpenUrl
  55. ↵
    1. Harris, Kelci, and
    2. Simine Vazire
    . 2016. “On Friendship Development and the Big Five Personality Traits.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 10(11):647–67.
    OpenUrl
  56. ↵
    1. Heckman, James J., and
    2. Tim Kautz
    . 2014. “Fostering and Measuring Skills: Interventions that Improve Character and Cognition.” In The Myth of Achievement Tests: The GED and the Role of Character in American Life, ed. James J. Heckman, John Eric Humphries, and Tim Kautz, 341–430. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  57. ↵
    1. Heckman, James J., and
    2. Paul A. LaFontaine
    . 2010. “The American High School Graduation Rate: Trends and Levels.” Review of Economics and Statistics 92(2):244–62.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  58. ↵
    1. Heckman, James J., and
    2. Burton S. Singer
    . 1984. “A Method for Minimizing the Impact of Distributional Assumptions in Econometric Models for Duration Data.” Econometrica 52(2): 271–320.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  59. ↵
    1. Heckman, James J.,
    2. Jora Stixrud, and
    3. Sergio Urzua
    . 2006. “The Effects of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Abilities on Labor Market Outcomes and Social Behavior.” Journal of Labor Economics 24(3):411–82.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  60. ↵
    1. Heckman, James J.,
    2. John Eric Humphries, and
    3. Gregory Veramendi
    . 2018. “Returns to Education: The Causal Effects of Education on Earnings, Health and Smoking.” Journal of Political Economy 126:197246.
  61. ↵
    1. Hong, Kai,
    2. Peter A. Savelyev, and
    3. Kegan T.K. Tan
    . 2020. “Understanding the Mechanisms Linking College Education with Longevity.” Journal of Human Capital 14(3):371–400.
    OpenUrl
  62. ↵
    1. Hsieh, Chih-Sheng, and
    2. Hans van Kippersluis
    . 2018. “Smoking Initiation: Peers and Personality.” Quantitative Economics 9:825–63.
    OpenUrl
  63. ↵
    1. Huang, Guan-Hua, and
    2. Karen Bandeen-Roche
    . 2004. “Building an Identifiable Latent Class Model with Covariate Effects on Underlying and Measured Variables.” Psychometrika 69(1): 5–32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  64. ↵
    1. John, Oliver P., and
    2. Sanjay Srivastava
    . 1999. “The Big Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement and Theoretical Perspectives.” In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 2nd edition, Lawrence A. Pervin and Oliver P. John, 102–38. New York: Guilford Press.
  65. ↵
    1. Kenkel, Donald S.
    2000. “Prevention.” In Handbook of Health Economics, Volume 1, ed. A.J. Culyer and J. P. Newhouse, 1675–720. New York: Elsevier.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  66. ↵
    1. Kern, Margaret L., and
    2. Howard S. Friedman
    . 2008. “Do Conscientious Individuals Live Longer? A Quantitative Review.” Health Psychology 27(5):505–12.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  67. ↵
    1. Kim, Beomsoo, and
    2. Christopher J. Ruhm
    . 2012. “Inheritances, Health and Death.” Health Economics 21:127–44.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  68. ↵
    1. Kippersluis, Hans van, and
    2. Titus J. Galama
    . 2014. “Wealth and Health Behavior: Testing the Concept of a Health Cost.” European Economic Review 72:197–220.
    OpenUrl
  69. ↵
    1. Lindahl, Mikael.
    2005. “Estimating the Effect of Income on Health and Mortality Using Lottery Prizes as an Exogenous Source of Variation in Income.” Journal of Human Resources 40(1): 144–68.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  70. ↵
    1. Lleras-Muney, Adriana.
    2005. “The Relationship between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States.” Review of Economic Studies 72(1):189–221.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Lochner, Lance.
    2011. “Nonproduction Benefits of Education: Crime, Health, and Good Citizenship.” In Handbook of the Economics of Education, Volume 4, ed. Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen Machin, and Ludger Woßmann, 183–282. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  72. ↵
    1. Lundborg, Petter,
    2. Carl Hampus Lyttkens, and
    3. Paul Nystedt
    . 2016. “The Effect of Schooling on Mortality: New Evidence from 50,000 Swedish Twins.” Demography 53(4):1135–68.
    OpenUrl
  73. ↵
    1. Maddala, G.S.
    1983. Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  74. ↵
    1. Madsen, Mia,
    2. Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen,
    3. Kaare Christensen,
    4. Per Kragh Andersen, and
    5. Merete Osler
    . 2010. “Does Educational Status Impact Adult Mortality in Denmark? A Twin Approach.” American Journal of Epidemiology 172(2):225–34.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Martin, Leslie R., and
    2. Howard S. Friedman
    . 2000. “Comparing Personality Scales across Time: An Illustrative Study of Validity and Consistency in Life-Span Archival Data.” Journal of Personality 68(1):85–110.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  76. ↵
    1. Martin, Leslie R.,
    2. Howard S. Friedman, and
    3. Joseph E. Schwartz
    . 2007. “Personality and Mortality Risk across the Life Span: The Importance of Conscientiousness as a Biopsychosocial Attribute.” Health Psychology 26(4):428–36.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  77. ↵
    1. Mazumder, Bhashkar.
    2008. “Does Education Improve Health? A Reexamination of the Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws.” Economic Perspectives 32(2):2–16.
    OpenUrl
  78. ↵
    1. Meghir, Costas,
    2. Mrten Palme, and
    3. Emilia Simeonova
    . 2018. “Education and Mortality: Evidence from a Social Experiment.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10(2):234–56.
    OpenUrl
  79. ↵
    1. Mroz, Thomas A.
    1999. “Discrete Factor Approximation in Simultaneous Equation Models: Estimating the Impact of a Dummy Endogenous Variable on a Continuous Outcome.” Journal of Econometrics 92(2):233–74.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  80. ↵
    1. Murphy, Kevin M., and
    2. Robert H. Topel
    . 2006. “The Value of Health and Longevity.” Journal of Political Economy 114(5):871–904.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  81. ↵
    1. Murray, Desiree W.,
    2. Scott H. Kollins,
    3. Kristina K. Hardy,
    4. Howard B. Abikoff,
    5. James M. Swanson,
    6. Charles Cunningham,
    7. Benedetto Vitiello,
    8. Mark A. Riddle,
    9. Mark Davies,
    10. Laurence L. Greenhill,
    11. James T. McCracken,
    12. James J. McGough,
    13. Kelly Posner,
    14. Anne M. Skrobala,
    15. Tim Wigal,
    16. Sharon B. Wigal,
    17. Jaswinder K. Ghuman, and
    18. Shirley Z. Chuang
    . 2007. “Parent versus Teacher Ratings of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in the Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS).” Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 17(5):605–20.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  82. ↵
    1. Næss, Øyvind,
    2. Dominic A Hoff,
    3. Debbie Lawlor, and
    4. Laust H Mortensen
    . 2012. “Education and Adult Cause-Specific Mortality—Examining the Impact of Family Factors Shared by 871 367 Norwegian Siblings.” International Journal of Epidemiology 41(6):1683–91.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  83. ↵
    1. Roberts, Brent W.,
    2. Nathan R. Kuncel,
    3. Rebecca L. Shiner,
    4. Avshalom Caspi, and
    5. Lewis R. Goldberg
    . 2007. “The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes.” Perspectives in Psychological Science 2(4):313–45.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  84. ↵
    1. Ross, Catherine E., and
    2. Chia-ling Wu
    . 1995. “The Links between Education and Health.” American Sociological Review 60(5):719–45.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  85. ↵
    1. Rubin, Donald B.
    1987. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  86. ↵
    1. Savelyev, Peter A., and
    2. Kegon Tan
    . 2019. “Socioemotional Skills, Education and Health-Related Outcomes of High-Ability Individuals.” American Journal of Health Economics 5(1):250–80.
    OpenUrl
  87. ↵
    1. Savelyev, Peter A.,
    2. Benjamin Ward,
    3. Robert Krueger, and
    4. Matt McGue
    . 2022. “Health Endowments, Schooling Allocation in the Family, and Longevity: Evidence from US Twins.” Journal of Health Economics 81:102554
  88. ↵
    1. Savelyev, Peter A., and
    2. Atticus Bolyard
    . 2022. “The Mechanisms Linking the Educational Attainment Polygenic Score and Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood.” Unpublished. Williamsburg, VA: The College of William & Mary.
  89. ↵
    1. Schafer, Joseph L.
    1997. Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. London: Chapman & Hall.
  90. ↵
    1. Schwandt, Hannes.
    2018. “Wealth Shocks and Health Outcomes: Evidence from Stock Market Fluctuations.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10(4):349–77.
    OpenUrl
  91. ↵
    1. Sears, Robert R.
    1984. “The Terman Gifted Children Study.” In Handbook of Longitudinal Research, ed. Sarnoff Mednick, Michelle M. Harway, and Karen Finello, 398–414. New York: Praeger.
  92. ↵
    1. Snyder, Stephen E., and
    2. William N. Evans
    . 2006. “The Effect of Income on Mortality: Evidence from the Social Security Notch.” Review of Economics and Statistics 88:482–95.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  93. ↵
    1. Terman, Lewis M.
    1986. “Terman Life-Cycle Study of Children with High Ability by Lewis M. Terman et al., 1922–1986.” 2nd ICPSR release. Palo Alto, CA: Robert R. Sears [producer], 1986. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08092.v4
  94. ↵
    1. Terman, Lewis M.,
    2. Bird T. Baldwin,
    3. Edith Bronson,
    4. James C. DeVoss,
    5. Florence Fuller,
    6. Truman Lee Kelley,
    7. Margaret Lima,
    8. Helen Marshall,
    9. Albert H. Moore,
    10. A.S. Raubenheimer,
    11. G.M. Ruch,
    12. Raymond L. Willoughby,
    13. Jennie Benson Wyman, and
    14. Dorothy Hazeltine Yates
    . 1925. Genetic Studies of Genius: Mental and Physical Traits of a Thousand Gifted Children, Volume 1. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
  95. ↵
    1. Terry, Luther
    , and co-authors. 1964. “Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the United States.” Public Health Service Publication 1103. Technical report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
  96. ↵
    1. van den Berg, Gerard J.
    2001. “Duration Models: Specification, Identification and Multiple Durations.” In Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 5, ed. James J. Heckman and Edward E. Leamer, 3381–460. New York: North-Holland.
    OpenUrl
  97. ↵
    1. van den Berg, Gerard J.,
    2. Lena Janys, and
    3. Kaare Christensen
    . 2015. “The Effect of Education on Mortality.” IZA Working Paper. Bonn, Germany: IZA.
  98. ↵
    1. van der Pol, Marjon.
    2011. “Health, Education, and Time Preference.” Health Economics 20: 917–29.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  99. ↵
    1. van Kippersluis, Hans,
    2. Owen O’Donnell, and
    3. Eddy van Doorslaer
    . 2011. “Long-Run Returns to Education: Does Schooling Lead to an Extended Old Age?” Journal of Human Resources 46:695–721.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  100. ↵
    1. Vollrath, Margarete E.,
    2. Markus A. Landolt,
    3. Hanspeter E. Gnehm,
    4. Joseph Laimbacher, and
    5. Felix H. Sennhauser
    . 2007. “Child and Parental Personality Are Associated with Glycaemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes.” Diabetic Medicine 24(9):1028–33.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools
Conscientiousness, Extraversion, College Education, and Longevity of High-Ability Individuals
Peter A. Savelyev
Journal of Human Resources Sep 2022, 57 (5) 1526-1565; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.58.1.0918-9720R2
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

Keywords