Gender Differences within the Firm

Notes: Each observation represents one round-trip flight. The table displays, for selected independent variables used in Table 4, the categories, the number of observations, and the frequency by category. The total number of observations per variable in Panel A is 7,426,390, which is the total number of observations in Table 4. The frequencies of the categories per variable sum to 100 percent. See Appendix 1 for the definitions of the variables and fixed effects. Panel B presents summary statistics from the merged preferences data obtained from the Global Preference Survey (GPS) as presented by Falk et al. (2018). For each preference item, the number represents the mean gender difference by country in the original preference. A positive coefficient means that women in that country have higher values in the respective preference. The preferences are in the same unit as the original preference measure from the GPS. See Table 3 for a summary of the survey items for each preference. See Section II.B and Appendix 2 for details about the preference data.

Source: Falk etal. (2018, Table 1). See their Online Appendix AF forthe wording ofthe questions and Online Appendix AI for a discussion of the weights.

↵Notes: Dependent variable is listed in each panel. “Trip characteristics” include the following variables: origin–destination route × ticket class fixed effects (FE), direct flight, length of stay dummy variables, and week fixed effects. “Employer characteristics” include the following variables: division × firm fixed effects and country fixed effects. “Employee characteristics” include the following variables: age dummy variables, number of trips per traveler dummy variables, and employee type fixed effects. The number of fixed effects associated with each set of controls is shown inside the parentheses next to each label in the first column. The total number of fixed effects reports the number of fixed effects included in each column/specification. See Appendix 1 for the definitions of the variables and fixed effects. All regressions are OLS regressions. Standard errors are in parentheses. Significance: *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.

Notes: Dependent variable for the specifications is the paid fare, which is measured in U.S. dollars. The coefficient for the female–male paid fare gap in Columns 1 and 2 correspond, respectively, to the coefficients in Table 4A, Columns 1 and 5. Both specifications use the same 7,426,390 observations and are OLS regressions. Column 3 displays the conditional decomposition of the female–male paid fare gap into three components: trip and employer characteristics, employee characteristics, and days booked in advance fixed effects (FE), following Gelbach (2016). “Trip characteristics” include the following variables: Origin–destination route × ticket class fixed effects, direct flight, length of stay dummy variables, and week fixed effects. “Employer characteristics” include the following variables: division × firm fixed effects and country fixed effects. “Employee characteristics” include the following variables: age dummy variables, number of trips per traveler dummy variables, and employee type fixed effects. The number of fixed effects associated with each set of controls is shown inside the parentheses next to each label in the first column. See Appendix 1 for the definitions of the variables and fixed effects. All coefficients in the table have p-values of p < 0.001.

↵Notes: The table displays female interactions using Specification 4 from Table 4. “Trip characteristics” include the following variables: Origin–destination route × ticket class fixed effects, direct flight, length of stay dummy variables, and week fixed effects. “Employer characteristics” include the following variables: division × firm fixed effects and country fixed effects. “Employee characteristics” include the following variables: age dummy variables, number of trips per traveler dummy variables, and employee type fixed effects. The value in parentheses in the initial column, next to the labels, is the number of fixed effects included in each line. See Appendix 1 for the definitions of the variables and fixed effects. All regressions are OLS regressions. Standard errors are in parentheses. Significance: *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.

↵Notes: The table displays female interactions using Specification 4 from Table 4. “Trip characteristics” include the following variables: origin–destination route × ticket class fixed effects, direct flight, length of stay dummy variables, and week fixed effects. “Employer characteristics” include the following variables: division × firm fixed effects and country fixed effects. “Employee characteristics” include the following variables: age dummy variables, number of trips per traveler dummy variables, and employee type fixed effects. The value in parentheses in the initial column, next to the labels, is the number of fixed effects included in each line. See Appendix 1 for the definitions of the variables and fixed effects. All regressions are OLS regressions. Standard errors are in parentheses. Significance: *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.

↵Notes: Dependent variable is the paid fare, which is measured in U.S. dollars. The table displays female interactions using Specification 4 from Table 4A. “Trip characteristics” include the following variables: origin–destination route × ticket class fixed effects (FE), direct flight, length of stay dummy variables, and week fixed effects. “Employer characteristics” include the following variables: division × firm fixed effects and country fixed effects. “Employee characteristics” include the following variables: age dummy variables, number of trips per traveler dummy variables, and employee type fixed effects. The value in parentheses in the initial column, next to the labels, is the number of fixed effects included in each line. The total number of fixed effects reports the number of fixed effects included in each column/specification. See Appendix 1 for the definitions of the variables and fixed effects. See Table 3 for a summary of the survey items for each preference. All regressions are OLS regressions. Robust standard errors clustered at the country level are in parentheses. Significance: *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.

↵Notes: Dependent variable is the days booked in advance. The table displays female interactions using Specification 4 from Table 4B. “Trip characteristics” include the following variables: origin–destination route × ticket class fixed effects, direct flight, length of stay dummy variables, and week fixed effects (FE). “Employer characteristics” include the following variables: division × firm fixed effects and country fixed effects. “Employee characteristics” include the following variables: age dummy variables, number of trips per traveler dummy variables, and employee type fixed effects. The value in parentheses in the initial column, next to the labels, is the number of fixed effects included in each line. The total number of fixed effects reports the number of fixed effects included in each column/specification. See Appendix 1 for the definitions of the variables and fixed effects. See Table 3 for a summary of the survey items for each preference. All regressions are OLS regressions. Robust standard errors clustered at the country level are in parentheses. Significance: *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.

↵Notes: The table displays the estimates of a linear probability model. The dependent variable is a dummy variable equal to one if the traveler booked the flight two weeks or more in advance (that is if the trip was booked 14 days or more prior to the day of departure), and zero otherwise. The table displays female interactions using Specification 4 from Table 4C. “Trip characteristics” include the following variables: origin–destination route × ticket class fixed effects, direct flight, length of stay dummy variables, and week fixed effects (FE). “Employer characteristics” include the following variables: division × firm fixed effects and country fixed effects. “Employee characteristics” include the following variables: age dummy variables, number of trips per traveler dummy variables, and employee type fixed effects. The value in parentheses in the initial column, next to the labels, is the number of fixed effects included in each line. The total number of fixed effects reports the number of fixed effects included in each column/specification. See Appendix 1 for the definitions of the variables and fixed effects. See Table 3 for a summary of the survey items for each preference. All regressions are OLS regressions. Robust standard errors clustered at the country level are in parentheses. Significance: *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.

Notes: Summary statistics from the merged preferences data obtained from the Global Preference Survey (GPS) as presented by Falk et al. (2018). For each preference item, the number represents the mean gender difference by country in the original preference. A positive coefficient means that women in that country have higher values in their respective preference. The preferences are in the same unit as the original preference measure from the GPS. See Table 3 for a summary of the survey items for each preference. See Section II.B and Appendix 2 for details about the preference data.