Does Universal Preschool Hit the Target?

References

1. 1. Aizer, Anna, and
   2. Flavio Cunha

   . 2012. “The Production of Human Capital: Endowments, Investments and Fertility.” NBER Working Paper 18429. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
2. 1. Almond, Douglas,
   2. Janet Currie, and
   3. Valentina Duque

   . 2018. “Childhood Circumstances and Adult Outcomes: Act II.” Journal of Economic Literature 56(4):1360–446.

   OpenUrl
3. 1. Anders, John,
   2. Andrew Barr, and
   3. Alex Smith

   . 2021. “The Effect of Early Childhood Education on Adult Criminality: Evidence from the 1960s through 1990s.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. Forthcoming. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20200660.
4. 1. Anderson, Patricia,
   2. Kristin Butcher,
   3. Elizabeth U. Cascio, and
   4. Diane Schanzenbach

   . 2011. “Is Being in School Better? The Impact of School on Children’s BMI When Starting Age Is Endogenous.” Journal of Health Economics 30(5):977–86.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. 1. Araujo, M. Caridad,
   2. Pedro Carneiro,
   3. Yyannu Cruz-Aguayo, and
   4. Norbert Schady

   . 2016. “Teacher Quality and Learning Outcomes in Kindergarten.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131(3): 1415–53.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
6. 1. Araujo, M. Caridad,
   2. Marta Dormal, and
   3. Norbert Schady

   . 2019. “Child Care Quality and Child Development.” Journal of Human Resources 54(3):656–82.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
7. 1. Barnett, W. Steven,
   2. Allison H. Friedman-Krauss,
   3. G.G. Weisenfeld,
   4. Michelle Horowitz,
   5. Richard Kasmin,
   6. James H. Squires

   . 2017. The State of Preschool 2016. New Brunswick, NJ: The National Institute for Early Education Research.
8. 1. Barnett, W. Steven,
   2. Jason T. Hustedt,
   3. Laura E. Hawkinson, and
   4. Kenneth B. Robin

   . 2006. The State of Preschool 2006. New Brunswick, NJ: The National Institute for Early Education Research.
9. 1. Barnett, W. Steven,
   2. Kwanghee Jung,
   3. Allison Friedman-Krauss,
   4. Ellen C. Frede,
   5. Milagros Nores,
   6. Jason T. Hustedt,
   7. Carolee Howes, and
   8. Marijata Daniel-Echols

   . 2018. “State Prekindergarten Effects on Early Learning at Kindergarten Entry: An Analysis of Eight State Programs.” AERA Open 4(2):1–16.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
10. 1. Barr, Andrew, and
    2. Chloe R. Gibbs

    . 2022. “Breaking the Cycle? Intergenerational Effects of an Anti-Poverty Program in Early Childhood.” Journal of Political Economy. Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1086/720764
11. 1. Bitler, Marianne P.,
    2. Hilary W. Hoynes, and
    3. Thurston Domina

    . 2014. “Experimental Evidence on Distributional Effects of Head Start.” NBER Working Paper 20434. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
12. 1. Carneiro, Pedro, and
    2. Rita Ginja

    . 2014. “Long-Term Impacts of Compensatory Preschool on Health and Behavior: Evidence from Head Start.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6(4):135–73.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. 1. Cascio, Elizabeth U.

    2015. “The Promises and Pitfalls of Universal Early Education.” IZA World of Labor 116.
14. 1. Cascio, Elizabeth U., and
    2. Ethan G. Lewis

    . 2006. “Schooling and the Armed Forces Qualifying Test: Evidence from School Entry Laws.” Journal of Human Resources 41(2):294–318.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
15. 1. Cascio, Elizabeth U., and
    2. Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach

    . 2013. “The Impacts of Expanding Access to High-Quality Preschool Education.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall, 127–78.
16. 1. Cascio, Elizabeth U., and
    2. Douglas Staiger

    . 2012. “Knowledge, Tests, and Fadeout in Educational Interventions.” NBER Working Paper 18038. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
17. 1. Chetty, Raj,
    2. John N. Friedman,
    3. Nathaniel Hilger,
    4. Emmanuel Saez,
    5. Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and
    6. Danny Yagan

    . 2011. “How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Project STAR.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126(4):1593–660.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 1. Currie, Janet, and
    2. Duncan Thomas

    . 1995. “Does Head Start Make a Difference?” American Economic Review 85(3):341–64.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. 1. de Chaisemartin, Clément, and
    2. Xavier D’Haultfœuille

    . 2020. “Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.” American Economic Review 110(9):2964–96.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
20. 1. Deming, David.

    2009. “Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1(3):111–34.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
21. 1. Dickert-Conlin, Stacy, and
    2. Todd Elder

    . 2010. “Suburban Legend: School Cutoff Dates and the Timing of Births.” Economics of Education Review 29(5):826–41.

    OpenUrl
22. 1. Elango, Sneha,
    2. Jorge Luis Garcia,
    3. James J. Heckman, and
    4. Andres Hojman

    . 2016. “Early Childhood Education.” In Economics of Means-Testing Transfer Programs in the United States, Volume 2, ed. Robert Moffitt, 235–97. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    OpenUrl
23. 1. Elder, Todd, and
    2. Darren Lubotsky

    . 2009. “Kindergarten Entrance Age and Children’s Achievement: Impacts of State Policies, Family Background, and Peers.” Journal of Human Resources 44(3):641–83.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
24. 1. Engel, Mimi,
    2. Amy Claessens, and
    3. Maida A. Finch

    . 2013. “Teaching Students What They Already Know? The (Mis)Alignment between Mathematics Instructional Content and Student Knowledge in Kindergarten.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 35(2):157–78.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
25. 1. Feller, Avi,
    2. Todd Grindal,
    3. Luke Miratrix, and
    4. Lindsay Page

    . 2016. “Compared to What? Variation in the Impacts of Early Childhood Education by Alternative Care Type.” Annals of Applied Statistics 10(3):1245–85.

    OpenUrl
26. 1. Fitzpatrick, Maria D.

    2008. “Starting School at Four: The Effect of Universal Prekindergarten on Children’s Academic Achievement.” B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 8(1):46.

    OpenUrl
27. 1. Fitzpatrick, Maria D.

    2010. “Preschoolers Enrolled and Mothers at Work? The Effects of Universal Prekindergarten.” Journal of Labor Economics 28(1):51–85.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
28. 1. Fitzpatrick, Maria D.,
    2. David Grissmer, and
    3. Sarah Hastedt

    . 2011. “What a Difference a Day Makes: Estimating Daily Learning Gains during Kindergarten and First Grade Using a Natural Experiment.” Economics of Education Review 30:269–79.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
29. 1. Flood, Sarah,
    2. Miriam King,
    3. Steven Ruggles, and
    4. J. Robert Warren

    . 2015. “Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey: Version 4.0 [Data Set].” Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota. http://doi.org/10.18128/D030.V4.0.
30. 1. Garces, Eliana,
    2. Duncan Thomas, and
    3. Janet Currie

    . 2002. “Longer-Term Effects of Head Start.” American Economic Review 92(4):999–1012.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. 1. Goodman-Bacon, Andrew.

    2021. “Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing.” Journal of Econometrics 225(2):254–77.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
32. 1. Gormley, William T., and
    2. Ted Gayer

    . 2005. “Promoting School Readiness in Oklahoma: An Evaluation of Tulsa’s Pre-K Program.” Journal of Human Resources 40(3):533–58.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
33. 1. Heckman, James J.,
    2. Seong Hyeok Moon,
    3. Rodrigo Pinto,
    4. Peter A. Savelyev, and
    5. Adam Yavitz

    . 2010. “The Rate of Return to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program.” Journal of Public Economics 94(1–2):114–28.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
34. 1. Hendren, Nathaniel.

    2016. “The Policy Elasticity.” Tax Policy and the Economy 30(1):51–89.

    OpenUrl
35. 1. Johnson, Rucker C., and
    2. C. Kirabo Jackson

    . 2019. “Reducing Inequality through Dynamic Complementarity: Evidence from Head Start and Public School Spending.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11(4):310–49.

    OpenUrl
36. 1. Kline, Patrick, and
    2. Christopher Walters

    . 2016. “Evaluating Public Programs with Close Substitutes: The Case of Head Start.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131(4):1795–848.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
37. 1. Krueger, Alan B.

    1999. “Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(2):497–532.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
38. 1. Kuhfeld, Megan, and
    2. James Soland

    . 2021. “The Learning Curve: Revisiting the Assumption of Linear Growth across the School Year.” Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness 14(1):143–71.

    OpenUrl
39. 1. Ladd, Helen F.,
    2. Clara G. Muschkin, and
    3. Kenneth A. Dodge

    . 2014. “From Birth to School: Early Childhood Initiatives and Third-Grade Outcomes in North Carolina.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 33(1):162–87.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
40. 1. Lipsey, Mark W.,
    2. Dale C. Farran, and
    3. Kerry. G. Hofer

    . 2016. “Effects of a State Prekindergarten Program on Children’s Achievement and Behavior through Third Grade.” Working Paper. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University, Peabody Research Institute.
41. 1. Lipsey, Mark W.,
    2. Kerry G. Hofer,
    3. Nianbo Dong,
    4. Dale C. Farran, and
    5. Carol Bilbrey

    . 2013. “Evaluation of the Tennessee Voluntary Prekindergarten Program: Kindergarten and First Grade Follow-Up Results from the Randomized Control Design.” Research Report. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University, Peabody Research Institute.
42. 1. Lipsey, MarkW.,
    2. Christina Weiland,
    3. Hirokazu Yoshikawa,
    4. Sandra Jo Wilson, and
    5. Kerry G. Hofer

    . 2015. “The Prekindergarten Age-Cutoff Regression-Discontinuity Design: Methodological Issues and Implications for Application.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 37(3): 296–313.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
43. 1. Ludwig, Jens, and
    2. Douglas L. Miller

    . 2007. “Does Head Start Improve Children’s Life Chances? Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (1):159–208.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
44. 1. Puma, Michael,
    2. Stephen Bell,
    3. Ronna Cook, and
    4. Camilla Heid

    . 2010. Head Start Impact Study Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families.
45. 1. Reardon, Sean.

    2011. “The Widening Academic Achievement Gap between the Rich and the Poor: New Evidence and Possible Explanations.” In Whither Opportunity: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Changes, ed. Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane, 91–116. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
46. 1. Sabol, Terri J.,
    2. Sandra L. Soliday Hong,
    3. Robert C. Pianta, and
    4. Margaret R. Burchinal

    . 2013. “Can Rating Pre-K Programs Predict Children’s Learning?” Science 341:845–6.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
47. 1. Schweinhart, Lawrence J.,
    2. Jeanne Montie,
    3. Zongping Xiang,
    4. W. Steven Barnett,
    5. Clive R. Belfield, and
    6. Milagros Nores

    . 2005. Lifetime Effects: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study through Age 40. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.
48. 1. Thompson, Owen.

    2018. “Head Start’s Long-Run Impact: Evidence from the Program’s Introduction.” Journal of Human Resources 53(4):1100–39.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
49. 1. Walters, Christopher.

    2015. “Inputs in the Production of Early Childhood Human Capital: Evidence from Head Start.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(4):76–102.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
50. 1. Weiland, Christina, and
    2. Hirokazu Yoshikawa

    . 2013. “Impacts of a Prekindergarten Program on Children’s Mathematics, Language, Literacy, Executive Function, and Emotional Skills.” Child Development 84(6):2112–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
51. 1. Wong, Vivian C.,
    2. Thomas D. Cook,
    3. W. Steven Barnett, and
    4. Kwanghee Jung

    . 2008. “An Effectiveness-Based Evaluation of Five State Prekindergarten Programs.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 27(1):122–54.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science