Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • Request JHR at your library
  • Alerts
  • Call for Editor
  • Free Issue
  • Special Issue
  • Other Publications
    • UWP

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Journal of Human Resources
  • Other Publications
    • UWP
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Journal of Human Resources

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • Request JHR at your library
  • Alerts
  • Call for Editor
  • Free Issue
  • Special Issue
  • Follow uwp on Twitter
  • Follow JHR on Bluesky
Research ArticleArticles

Obstacles on the Road to School

The Impacts of Mobility Restrictions on Educational Performance

View ORCID ProfileSami Miaari and View ORCID ProfileInes Lee
Journal of Human Resources, January 2024, 59 (1) 175-209; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0920-11166R2
Sami Miaari
Sami Miaari is a Lecturer at the Department of Labor Studies at Tel-Aviv University and research fellow at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford (corresponding author). ,
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Sami Miaari
  • For correspondence: samimiaari{at}tauex.tau.ac.uk
Ines Lee
Ines Lee is a lecturer in Economics at the University of York.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Ines Lee
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    1. Adukia, Anjali
    , Sam Asher, and Paul Novosad. 2020. “Educational Investment Responses to Economic Opportunity: Evidence from Indian Road Construction.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 12(1):348–76.
    OpenUrl
  2. ↵
    1. Aggarwal, Shilpa
    . 2018. “Do Rural Roads Create Pathways out of Poverty? Evidence from India.” Journal of Development Economics 133:375–95.
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M.
    , Stephen J. Redding, Daniel M. Sturm, and Nikolaus Wolf. 2015. “The Economics of Density: Evidence from the Berlin Wall.” Econometrica 83(6):2127–89.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Amodio, Francesco
    , Leonardo Baccini, and Michele Di Maio. 2021. “Security, Trade, and Political Violence.” Journal of the European Economic Association 19(1):1–37.
    OpenUrl
    1. Amodio, Francesco
    , and Michele Di Maio. 2018. “Making Do With What You Have: Conflict, Input Misallocation and Firm Performance.” Economic Journal 128(615):2559–612.
    OpenUrl
  4. ↵
    1. Ballas, Dimitris
    , Graham Clarke, Rachel S. Franklin, and Andy Newing. 2018. GIS and the Social Sciences: Theory and Applications. New York: Routledge.
  5. ↵
    1. Banerji, Rukmini
    , James Berry, and Marc Shotland. 2017. “The Impact of Maternal Literacy and Participation Programs: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in India.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9(4):303–37.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Braverman, Irus
    . 2011. “Civilized Borders: A Study of Israel’s New Crossing Administration.” Antipode 43(2):264–95.
    OpenUrl
  7. ↵
    1. Braverman, Irus
    . 2012. “Checkpoint Watch: Bureaucracy and Resistance at the Israeli/Palestinian Border.” Social & Legal Studies 21(3):297–320.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Brück, Tilman
    , Michele Di Maio, and Sami H. Miaari. 2019. “Learning the Hard Way: The Effect of Violent Conflict on Student Academic Achievement.” Journal of the European Economic Association 17(5):1502–37.
    OpenUrl
  8. ↵
    B’Tselem. 2007. “Ground to a Halt: Denial of Palestinians’ Freedom of Movement in the West Bank.” Jerusalem: B’TSELEM. https://www.btselem.org/publications/summaries/200708_ground_to_a_halt (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  9. ↵
    1. Calì, Massimiliano
    , and Sami H. Miaari. 2018. “The Labor Market Impact of Mobility Restrictions: Evidence from the West Bank.” Labour Economics 51:136–51.
    OpenUrl
  10. ↵
    1. Conflict in Cities Project
    . 2012. “Rethinking Conflict Infrastructure: How the Built Environment Sustains Divisions in Contested Cities.” https://www.urbanconflicts.arct.cam.ac.uk/downloads/briefing-paper-2 (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  11. ↵
    1. Di Maio, Michele
    , and Tushar K. Nandi. 2013. “The Effect of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict on Child Labor and School Attendance in the West Bank.” Journal of Development Economics 100(1):107–16.
    OpenUrl
  12. ↵
    1. Donaldson, Dave
    . 2018. “Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure.” American Economic Review 108(4–5):899–934.
    OpenUrl
  13. ↵
    1. Durante, Ruben
    , and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. 2018. “Attack When the World Is Not Watching? US News and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.” Journal of Political Economy 126(3):1085–133.
    OpenUrl
  14. ↵
    1. Eklund, Lina
    . 2010. “Accessibility to Health Services in the West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory: A Minor Field Study.” Lunds universitets Naturgeografiska institution–Seminarieuppsatser. http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/1848508 (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  15. ↵
    1. Eklund, Lina
    , and U. Mårtensson. 2012. “Using Geographical Information Systems to Analyse Accessibility to Health Services in the West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory.” EMHJ–Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 18(8):796–802.
    OpenUrl
  16. ↵
    1. Estache, Antonio
    , and Marianne Fay. 2007. Current Debates on Infrastructure Policy. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-4410 (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  17. ↵
    ETF. 2014. “Labour Market and Employment Policies in Palestine.” Turin, Italy: ETF. https://www.etf.europa.eu/en/publications-and-resources/publications/labour-market-and-employment-policies-palestine (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  18. ↵
    1. Etkes, Haggay
    , and Assaf Zimring. 2015. “When Trade Stops: Lessons from the Gaza Blockade 2007–2010.” Journal of International Economics 95(1):16–27.
    OpenUrl
  19. ↵
    1. Giacaman, Rita
    , Harry S. Shannon, Hana Saab, Neil Arya, and Will Boyce. 2007. “Individual and Collective Exposure to Political Violence: Palestinian Adolescents Coping with Conflict.” European Journal of Public Health 17(4):361–68.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  20. ↵
    Global Monitoring Report. 2011. The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education | Global Education Monitoring Report. Paris: UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/report/2011/hidden-crisis-armed-conflict-and-education (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  21. ↵
    1. Hoven, Christina W.
    , Cristiane S. Duarte, and Donald J. Mandell. 2003. “Children’s Mental Health after Disasters: The Impact of the World Trade Center Attack.” Current Psychiatry Reports 5(2):101–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. ↵
    1. Justino, Patricia
    , Marinella Leone, and Paola Salardi. 2014. “Short- and Long-Term Impact of Violence on Education: The Case of Timor Leste.” World Bank Economic Review 28(2):320–53.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  23. ↵
    1. Khandker, Shahidur R.
    , Zaid Bakht, and Gayatri B. Koolwal. 2009. “The Poverty Impact of Rural Roads: Evidence from Bangladesh.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 57(4):685–722.
    OpenUrl
  24. ↵
    1. Khandker, Shahidur R.
    , and B. GayatriKoolwal. 2011. “Estimating the Long-Term Impacts of Rural Roads: A Dynamic Panel Approach.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5867. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-5867 (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  25. ↵
    1. Kibris, Arzu
    . 2015. “The Conflict Trap Revisited: Civil Conflict and Educational Achievement.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(4):645–70.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  26. ↵
    1. Lavy, Victor
    , and Adi Boiko. 2017. “Management Quality in Public Education: Superintendent Value-Added, Student Outcomes and Mechanisms.” NBER Working Paper W24028. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
  27. ↵
    1. Lee, Ines
    , and Sami Miaari. 2021. “Replication code for Obstacles on the Road to School: The Impacts of Mobility Restrictions on Educational Performance.” Harvard Dataverse, V1. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HGJK6Z
  28. ↵
    1. León, Gianmarco
    . 2012. “Civil Conflict and Human Capital Accumulation: The Long-Term Effects of Political Violence in Perú.” Journal of Human Resources 47(4):991–1022.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  29. ↵
    1. Mansour, Hani
    . 2010. “The Effects of Labor Supply Shocks on Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict.” Labour Economics 17(6):930–39.
    OpenUrl
  30. ↵
    1. Mansour, Hani
    , and Daniel I. Rees. 2012. “Armed Conflict and Birth Weight: Evidence from the al-Aqsa Intifada.” Journal of Development Economics 99(1):190–99.
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    1. Miaari, Sami H
    . 2018. “An Analysis of the Public–Private Wage Differential in the Palestinian Labour Market.” Defence and Peace Economics 31(3):289–314.
    OpenUrl
  32. ↵
    1. Michaels, Guy
    . 2008. “The Effect of Trade on the Demand for Skill: Evidence from the Interstate Highway System.” Review of Economics and Statistics 90(4):683–701.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  33. ↵
    1. Monteiro, Joana
    , and Rudi Rocha. 2017. “Drug Battles and School Achievement: Evidence from Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas.” Review of Economics and Statistics 99(2):213–28.
    OpenUrl
  34. ↵
    1. Mukherjee, Mukta
    . 2012. “Do Better Roads Increase School Enrollment? Evidence from a Unique Road Policy in India.” SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2207761
  35. ↵
    1. Nicolai, Susan
    . 2007. “Fragmented Foundations: Education and Chronic Crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.” International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) UNESCO and Save the Children UK. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED496177 (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  36. ↵
    Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2001. “The Survey on the Impact of Israeli Measures on the Well-being of the Palestinian Children, Women, and the Palestinian Households 2001.”
  37. ↵
    Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2009. Statistical Atlas of Palestine. Ramallah, Palestine: Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book1624/book1624_09.pdf (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  38. ↵
    1. Pfefferbaum, B.
    , V.L. Moore, N.B. McDonald, B.T. Maynard, R.H. Gurwitch, and S.J. Nixon. 1999. “The Role of Exposure in Posttraumatic Stress in Youths Following the 1995 Bombing.” Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association 92(4):164–67.
    OpenUrl
  39. ↵
    1. Pullan, Wendy
    . 2013. “Spatial Discontinuities: Conflict Infrastructures in Contested Cities.” In Locating Urban Conflicts: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Everyday, ed. Wendy Pullan and Britt Baillie, 17–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137316882_2
  40. ↵
    1. Rijke, Alexandra
    . 2020. “Checkpoint Knowledge: Navigating the Tunnels and Al Walaja Checkpoints in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.” Geopolitics 26(5):1586–1607.
    OpenUrl
  41. ↵
    1. Rijke, Alexandra
    , and Claudio Minca. 2019. “Inside Checkpoint 300: Checkpoint Regimes as Spatial Political Technologies in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.” Antipode 51(3):968–88.
    OpenUrl
  42. ↵
    1. Rivkin, Steven G.
    , Eric A. Hanushek, and John F. Kain. 2005. “Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement.” Econometrica 73(2):417–58.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    1. Rockoff, Jonah E.
    2004. “The Impact of Individual Teachers on Student Achievement: Evidence from Panel Data.” American Economic Review 94(2):247–52.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  44. ↵
    1. Roeser, Robert W.
    , Jacquelynne S. Eccles, and Karen R. Strobel. 1998. “Linking the Study of Schooling and Mental Health: Selected Issues and Empirical Illustrations at the Level of the Individual.” Educational Psychologist 33(4):153–76.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  45. ↵
    Save the Children. 2003. Growing up under Curfew—Safeguarding the Basic Rights of Palestinian Children. Stockholm: Save the Children Sweden. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/library/growing-under-curfew-safeguarding-basic-rights-palestinian-children (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  46. ↵
    1. Schiff, Miriam
    , Hillah Haim Zweig, Rami Benbenishty, and Deborah S. Hasin. 2007. “Exposure to Terrorism and Israeli Youths’ Cigarette, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use.” American Journal of Public Health 97(10):1852–58.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  47. ↵
    1. Segev, Tom
    . 2006. “A Bitter Prize: Israel and the Occupied Territories” ed. Gershom Gorenberg. Foreign Affairs 85(3):145–50.
    OpenUrl
  48. ↵
    1. Shany, Adi
    . 2018. “Too Scared for School? The Effects of Terrorism on Student Achievement.” Unpublished.
  49. ↵
    1. Shemyakina, Olga
    . 2011. “The Effect of Armed Conflict on Accumulation of Schooling: Results from Tajikistan.” Journal of Development Economics 95(2):186–200.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  50. ↵
    1. Smith, Alan
    . 2014. “Contemporary Challenges for Education in Conflict Affected Countries.” Journal of International and Comparative Education 3(1):113–25.
    OpenUrl
  51. ↵
    1. Stewart, Frances
    , Edmund V.K. Fitzgerald, and Frances Stewart. 2001. The Economic and Social Consequences of Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  52. ↵
    1. Subham, K.
    , P. Shivananda, K.S. Ramesh, S.K. Naga Jothi, and K. Ganesha Raj. 2018. “Transportation Network Model for Route and Closest Facility Analysis in Central Bengaluru.” International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management 7(4):58–62.
    OpenUrl
  53. ↵
    1. Swee, Eik Leong
    . 2015. “On War Intensity and Schooling Attainment: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina.” European Journal of Political Economy 40:158–72.
    OpenUrl
  54. ↵
    1. Thompson, Theodre
    , and Carol Rippey Massat. 2005. “Experiences of Violence, Post-Traumatic Stress, Academic Achievement and Behavior Problems of Urban African-American Children.” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 22(5):367–93.
    OpenUrl
  55. ↵
    UN. 2016. “Human Rights Situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem: Report of the Secretary-General.” https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/825530 (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  56. ↵
    UN OCHA. 2006. “Humanitarian Implications of the April 2006 Barrier Projections—Preliminary Analysis (Update 5)—OCHA Report.” https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-202836/ (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  57. ↵
    UN OCHA. 2007. “Humanitarian Impact of Israeli Settlements and Other Infrastructure in West Bank.” OCHA/UNRWA Report. Jerusalem: UN OCHA. https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/ocharpt_update30july2007.pdf (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  58. ↵
    UN OCHA. 2018. “Humanitarian Bulletin: Occupied Palestinian Territory.” https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/hummonitor_september_2018.pdf (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  59. ↵
    UNESCO. 2007. “Global Education Digest 2007: Comparing Education Statistics across the World.” Montreal, Canada: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/global-education-digest-2007-comparing-education-statistics-across-the-world-en_0.pdf (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  60. ↵
    UNICEF. 2010. “The Situation of Palestinian Children in The Occupied Palestinian Territory, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.” https://unispal.un.org/pdfs/UNICEF_CAAC-July2011.pdf (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  61. ↵
    1. Weizman, Eyal
    . 2012. Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation. New York: Verso Books.
  62. ↵
    1. Woolf, Fiona
    , and Jonathan Halpern. 2002. “West Bank and Gaza—An Evaluation of Bank Assistance.” Washington, DC: World Bank. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-200773/ (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  63. ↵
    World Bank. 2007a. “A Decade of Action in Transport: An Evaluation of World Bank Assistance to the Transport Sector, 1995–2005.” https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7003-2
  64. ↵
    World Bank. 2007b. “Movement and Access Restrictions in the West Bank: Uncertainty and Inefficiency in the Palestinian Economy.” Washington, DC: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/964061468339036297/Movement-and-access-restrictions-in-the-West-Bank-uncertainty-and-inefficiency-in-the-Palestinian-economy (accessed 7 13, 2023).
  65. ↵
    World Bank. 2007c. “West Bank and Gaza Public Expenditure Review: From Crisis to Greater Fiscal Independence.” Volume 2. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7807 (accessed 7 13, 2023).
    1. World Bank. 2007b. 2007c
    . 2008. World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7607-2
  66. ↵
    1. Zertal, Idith
    , and Akiva Eldar. 2009. Lords of the Land: The War over Israel’s Settlements in the Occupied Territories 1967–2007. London: Hachette UK.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Journal of Human Resources: 59 (1)
Journal of Human Resources
Vol. 59, Issue 1
1 Jan 2024
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Advertising (PDF)
  • Back Matter (PDF)
  • Ed Board (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Journal of Human Resources.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Obstacles on the Road to School
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Journal of Human Resources
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Journal of Human Resources web site.
Citation Tools
Obstacles on the Road to School
Sami Miaari, Ines Lee
Journal of Human Resources Jan 2024, 59 (1) 175-209; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0920-11166R2

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Obstacles on the Road to School
Sami Miaari, Ines Lee
Journal of Human Resources Jan 2024, 59 (1) 175-209; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0920-11166R2
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Background
    • III. Data
    • IV. Empirical Strategy
    • V. Results
    • VI. Mechanisms
    • VII. Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Training Teachers for Diversity Awareness
  • The Effect of Fraternity Moratoriums on Alcohol Offenses and Sexual Assaults
  • The Impact of NAFTA on US Local Labor Market Employment
Show more Articles

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • D74
  • I2
  • I25
  • O18
UW Press logo

© 2026 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

Powered by HighWire