Article Figures & Data
Figures
Tables
Adult Dislocated Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Year of registration 1999 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2000 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.08 2001 0.32 0.31 0.24 0.28 2002 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.28 2003 0.20 0.17 0.28 0.19 2004 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.13 2005 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.05 Sex Male 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.40 Race White 0.36 0.24 0.51 0.47 Other 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.12 Black 0.58 0.70 0.40 0.41 Age at registration (years) 35.32 36.20 42.01 42.65 Age at registration <20 0.08 0.08 0.01 0.01 21–25 0.17 0.16 0.05 0.05 26–30 0.14 0.13 0.08 0.08 31–35 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 36–40 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.15 41–45 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.18 46–50 0.09 0.10 0.16 0.16 51–55 0.06 0.07 0.12 0.13 56–60 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.08 61+ 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 Education Less than high school 0.10 0.25 0.04 0.08 High school 0.60 0.54 0.53 0.43 Some college 0.20 0.11 0.24 0.23 College or more 0.09 0.08 0.20 0.25 Missing 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.02 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: Values in the table give the fraction of the column group (for example, treated adults) in each category of each variable. For example, the fraction of treated adults in State A who registered in 2002 equals 0.23.
Adult Dislocated Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Year of registration 1999 0.07 0.04 0.08 0.05 2000 0.09 0.12 0.09 0.11 2001 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.25 2002 0.30 0.22 0.32 0.25 2003 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.18 2004 0.08 0.14 0.06 0.13 2005 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.02 Sex Male 0.37 0.41 0.57 0.52 Race White 0.48 0.22 0.72 0.46 Other 0.11 0.20 0.14 0.23 Black 0.40 0.57 0.14 0.32 Age at registration (years) 33.10 35.73 40.60 42.66 Age at registration <20 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.01 21–25 0.22 0.17 0.06 0.06 26–30 0.18 0.15 0.11 0.09 31–35 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.11 36–40 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.14 41–45 0.10 0.13 0.18 0.18 46–50 0.07 0.10 0.16 0.18 51–55 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.14 56–60 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.08 61+ 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 Education Less than high school 0.11 0.22 0.05 0.13 High school 0.58 0.49 0.53 0.51 Some college 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.23 College or more 0.07 0.08 0.18 0.12 Missing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: Values in the table give the fraction of the column group (for example, treated adults) in each category of each variable. For example, the fraction of treated adults in State B who registered in 2002 equals 0.30.
Adult Dislocated Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Number of Participants: 4,640 10,892 4,347 6,489 Earnings Employment Earnings Employment Earnings Employment Earnings Employment Q–12 3,760 0.57 3,756 0.55 7,723 0.72 7,720 0.70 Q–11 3,914 0.58 3,824 0.56 8,097 0.74 8,039 0.72 Q–10 3,884 0.59 3,943 0.57 8,147 0.74 8,259 0.73 Q–9 4,087 0.60 4,041 0.58 8,428 0.75 8,514 0.74 Q–8 4,080 0.61 4,027 0.59 8,507 0.76 8,581 0.74 Q–7 4,278 0.62 4,184 0.61 8,809 0.78 9,028 0.78 Q–6 4,239 0.63 4,194 0.61 8,992 0.80 9,198 0.79 Q–5 4,290 0.63 4,271 0.61 9,213 0.81 9,478 0.80 Q–4 4,288 0.64 4,135 0.62 9,344 0.82 9,359 0.81 Q–3 4,286 0.64 3,878 0.60 9,408 0.83 9,308 0.81 Q–2 4,054 0.63 3,637 0.59 8,978 0.80 9,109 0.80 Q–1 3,467 0.60 3,232 0.58 7,966 0.75 7,925 0.73 Q 2,341 0.55 2,591 0.64 4,802 0.57 4,634 0.58 Q + 1 2,498 0.58 3,470 0.69 3,203 0.49 4,530 0.60 Q + 2 3,370 0.65 4,041 0.70 4,166 0.60 5,884 0.69 Q + 3 4,075 0.68 4,308 0.70 5,095 0.65 6,496 0.72 Q + 4 4,433 0.69 4,376 0.69 5,680 0.68 6,603 0.71 Q + 5 4,670 0.70 4,524 0.68 5,930 0.69 6,831 0.71 Q + 6 4,931 0.70 4,476 0.67 6,352 0.70 6,970 0.71 Q + 7 4,953 0.69 4,552 0.67 6,485 0.71 7,061 0.70 Q + 8 4,986 0.68 4,580 0.66 6,555 0.70 7,004 0.70 Q + 9 5,057 0.68 4,625 0.66 6,637 0.70 7,172 0.69 Q + 10 5,119 0.68 4,593 0.65 6,738 0.70 7,191 0.69 Q + 11 5,133 0.67 4,678 0.64 6,846 0.70 7,256 0.68 Q + 12 5,165 0.66 4,702 0.64 6,803 0.69 7,205 0.68 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: Earnings are in 2020$. Employment is proportion employed.
Adult Dislocated Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Number of Participants: 11,380 11,802 16,187 12,059 Earnings Employment Earnings Employment Earnings Employment Earnings Employment Q–12 3,633 0.60 3,126 0.54 11,238 0.88 10,271 0.88 Q–11 3,741 0.62 3,171 0.55 11,386 0.88 10,462 0.89 Q–10 3,746 0.62 3,160 0.55 11,454 0.89 10,473 0.89 Q–9 3,744 0.62 3,139 0.55 11,545 0.89 10,557 0.90 Q–8 3,694 0.62 3,112 0.55 11,727 0.90 10,653 0.90 Q–7 3,714 0.63 3,113 0.55 11,855 0.91 10,688 0.91 Q–6 3,634 0.63 3,033 0.55 11,971 0.91 10,645 0.91 Q–5 3,533 0.63 2,902 0.54 11,832 0.91 10,608 0.91 Q–4 3,356 0.62 2,755 0.52 11,636 0.90 10,312 0.90 Q–3 3,100 0.61 2,473 0.51 11,423 0.89 9,976 0.88 Q–2 2,627 0.59 2,084 0.48 10,407 0.85 9,099 0.83 Q–1 2,095 0.56 1,621 0.45 8,860 0.76 7,460 0.73 Q 1,562 0.53 1,463 0.55 5,059 0.59 4,727 0.64 Q + 1 1,951 0.55 2,833 0.66 2,855 0.48 4,408 0.66 Q + 2 2,670 0.61 3,334 0.67 4,032 0.57 5,658 0.73 Q + 3 3,127 0.64 3,469 0.65 5,066 0.63 6,394 0.75 Q + 4 3,416 0.65 3,496 0.64 5,739 0.67 6,514 0.76 Q + 5 3,757 0.66 3,567 0.63 6,251 0.70 6,729 0.76 Q + 6 3,902 0.66 3,553 0.61 6,609 0.71 6,865 0.76 Q + 7 3,997 0.65 3,557 0.60 6,961 0.72 6,926 0.75 Q + 8 4,152 0.65 3,576 0.59 7,175 0.73 6,875 0.75 Q + 9 4,275 0.65 3,613 0.59 7,480 0.74 7,042 0.74 Q + 10 4,307 0.64 3,560 0.58 7,684 0.74 7,032 0.74 Q + 11 4,458 0.64 3,581 0.57 7,873 0.74 7,065 0.73 Q + 12 4,443 0.64 3,596 0.57 7,936 0.74 7,037 0.73 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: Earnings are in 2020$. Employment is proportion employed.
State A, Adult State A, Dislocated State B, Adult State B, Dislocated Variable: AME SE AME SE AME SE AME SE Age <20 −0.012 <0.001 −0.117 <0.001 0.032 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 21–25 0.000 <0.001 −0.006 <0.001 0.028 <0.001 0.011 <0.001 31–35 −0.010 <0.001 0.012 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 −0.005 <0.001 36–40 −0.017 <0.001 0.016 <0.001 −0.015 <0.001 −0.021 <0.001 41–45 −0.046 <0.001 −0.010 <0.001 −0.042 <0.001 −0.052 <0.001 46–50 −0.054 <0.001 −0.006 <0.001 −0.042 <0.001 −0.076 <0.001 51–55 −0.060 <0.001 −0.036 <0.001 −0.050 <0.001 −0.117 <0.001 56–60 −0.099 <0.001 −0.055 <0.001 −0.073 <0.001 −0.150 <0.001 61+ −0.060 <0.001 −0.061 <0.001 −0.184 <0.001 −0.172 <0.001 Less than HS −0.167 0.001 −0.141 <0.001 −0.071 <0.001 −0.058 <0.001 Some college 0.045 <0.001 −0.006 <0.001 0.006 <0.001 0.014 <0.001 College or more −0.015 <0.001 −0.047 <0.001 −0.008 <0.001 0.023 <0.001 Education missing −0.044 <0.001 −0.406 0.001 Other −0.018 <0.001 0.004 <0.001 −0.045 <0.001 −0.024 <0.001 Black 0.014 <0.001 0.035 <0.001 −0.011 <0.001 −0.045 <0.001 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: AME is average marginal effect. Omitted age category is 26–30, omitted education category is high school, and omitted race/ethnicity is white. See Online Appendix 3 for the full set of estimates.
- Table 6
Impacts on Earnings and Employment, Inverse Propensity Score Weighting, Model 6, State A
Adult Classification Dislocated Classification Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Earnings Q + 1 −720 104 <0.01 −1,132 169 <0.01 Q + 2 −559 111 <0.01 −1,351 163 <0.01 Q + 3 −333 194 0.09 −1,168 176 <0.01 Q + 4 −47 122 0.70 −657 176 <0.01 Q + 5 −13 130 0.92 −576 163 <0.01 Q + 6 258 139 0.06 −339 176 0.05 Q + 7 295 126 0.02 −217 174 0.21 Q + 8 330 133 0.01 −186 185 0.32 Q + 9 366 139 0.01 −592 404 0.14 Q + 10 473 133 <0.01 −187 199 0.35 Q + 11 314 144 0.03 −148 215 0.49 Q + 12 361 144 0.01 −156 209 0.46 Total, Q + 1 to Q + 12 725 1,210 0.55 −6,707 1,815 <0.01 Total, Q + 9 to Q + 12 1,515 497 <0.01 −1,082 823 0.19 Employed Q + 1 −0.070 0.015 <0.01 −0.067 0.014 <0.01 Q + 2 −0.030 0.014 0.03 −0.055 0.014 <0.01 Q + 3 −0.013 0.015 0.39 −0.030 0.014 0.04 Q + 4 −0.003 0.013 0.83 −0.001 0.014 0.93 Q + 5 0.012 0.014 0.39 0.009 0.015 0.53 Q + 6 0.022 0.014 0.12 0.026 0.015 0.07 Q + 7 0.021 0.014 0.12 0.043 0.015 <0.01 Q + 8 0.007 0.014 0.60 0.039 0.014 0.01 Q + 9 0.018 0.015 0.23 0.035 0.014 0.01 Q + 10 0.028 0.015 0.07 0.036 0.015 0.02 Q + 11 0.018 0.015 0.22 0.051 0.014 <0.01 Q + 12 0.022 0.015 0.13 0.037 0.014 0.01 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
- Table 7
Impacts on Earnings and Employment, Inverse Propensity Score Weighting, Model 6, State B
Adult Classification Dislocated Classification Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Earnings Q + 1 −829 111 <0.01 −1,517 215 <0.01 Q + 2 −764 142 <0.01 −1,562 180 <0.01 Q + 3 −451 110 <0.01 −1,421 177 <0.01 Q + 4 −222 128 0.08 −1,027 170 <0.01 Q + 5 29 121 0.81 −798 156 <0.01 Q + 6 98 130 0.45 −481 149 <0.01 Q + 7 189 129 0.14 −316 187 0.09 Q + 8 295 141 0.04 −163 150 0.28 Q + 9 443 121 <0.01 −33 163 0.84 Q + 10 487 165 <0.01 196 197 0.32 Q + 11 586 160 <0.01 374 160 0.02 Q + 12 536 195 0.01 443 163 0.01 Total, Q + 1 to Q + 12 396 1,257 0.75 −6,304 1,763 <0.01 Total, Q + 9 to Q + 12 2,052 562 <0.01 980 592 0.10 Employed Q + 1 −0.084 0.013 <0.01 −0.120 0.011 <0.01 Q + 2 −0.049 0.013 <0.01 −0.105 0.011 <0.01 Q + 3 −0.017 0.012 0.15 −0.086 0.010 <0.01 Q + 4 0.010 0.013 0.45 −0.066 0.010 <0.01 Q + 5 0.018 0.013 0.18 −0.046 0.010 <0.01 Q + 6 0.026 0.013 0.05 −0.025 0.010 0.02 Q + 7 0.023 0.012 0.06 −0.019 0.010 0.06 Q + 8 0.046 0.013 <0.01 −0.003 0.010 0.75 Q + 9 0.047 0.013 <0.01 0.001 0.009 0.93 Q + 10 0.049 0.013 <0.01 0.007 0.010 0.50 Q + 11 0.056 0.013 <0.01 0.016 0.010 0.12 Q + 12 0.055 0.013 <0.01 0.017 0.010 0.08 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Adult Classification Dislocated Classification Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Treatment Effect SE p‐Value State A Women Total, Q + 1 to Q + 12 758 1,372 0.58 −8,739 2,331 <0.01 Total, Q + 9 to Q + 12 1,453 579 0.01 −1,346 856 0.12 Men Total, Q + 1 to Q + 12 459 2,183 0.83 −6,331 2,175 <0.01 Total, Q + 9 to Q + 12 1,513 972 0.12 −1,586 954 0.10 State B Women Total, Q + 1 to Q + 12 1,638 1,203 0.17 −6,118 1,778 <0.01 Total, Q + 9 to Q + 12 2,700 532 <0.01 682 745 0.36 Men Total, Q + 1 to Q + 12 264 2,812 0.93 −4,423 2,884 0.13 Total, Q + 9 to Q + 12 2,473 1,059 0.02 2,116 1,136 0.06 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
State A, Adult Classification State A, Dislocated Classification State B, Adult Classification State B, Dislocated Classification Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Treatment Effect SE p‐Value High fixed effect −0.007 0.013 0.58 −0.008 0.013 0.55 0.030 0.008 <0.01 −0.008 0.011 0.50 No fixed effect 0.008 0.011 0.42 0.010 0.011 0.35 −0.006 0.012 0.62 0.014 0.008 0.06 Continuous fixed effect 0.001 0.005 0.81 −0.005 0.005 0.28 −0.002 0.003 0.47 0.000 0.003 0.92 Firm size ≥ 100 0.019 0.015 0.21 0.016 0.014 0.28 0.060 0.014 <0.01 0.004 0.011 0.69 High turnover −0.001 0.011 0.90 0.011 0.009 0.24 0.003 0.009 0.77 0.006 0.009 0.52 Switched industry 0.021 0.015 0.16 0.064 0.015 <0.01 0.059 0.012 <0.01 0.056 0.011 <0.01 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: See the text for variable definitions.
- Table 10
Impacts on Earnings, Inverse Propensity Score Weighting, Alternative Conditioning Variables, State A
Adult Classification Dislocated Classification Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Impact over Q + 1 through Q + 12 Model 1 −2,052 800 0.01 −10,629 1,243 <0.01 Model 2 −677 796 0.40 −10,749 1,189 <0.01 Model 3 749 1,184 0.53 −6,808 1,844 <0.01 Model 4 754 1,113 0.50 −6,679 1,802 <0.01 Model 5 718 1,140 0.53 −6,823 1,721 <0.01 Model 6 725 1,165 0.53 −6,707 1,717 <0.01 Impact over Q + 9 through Q + 12 Model 1 605 359 0.09 −2,143 500 <0.01 Model 2 938 362 0.01 −2,404 559 <0.01 Model 3 1,539 536 <0.01 −1,117 770 0.15 Model 4 1,522 493 <0.01 −1,086 879 0.22 Model 5 1,531 515 <0.01 −1,105 878 0.21 Model 6 1,515 513 <0.01 −1,082 832 0.19 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: Model 1 contains basic demographics and two years of pre‐program earnings. Model 2 approximates the specification in Heinrich (2013) but omits the geographic variables. Model 3 adds one‐stop center indicators (that is, geography) to Model 2. Model 4 adds characteristics of the worker’s most recent firm to Model 3. Model 5 adds four additional quarters of pre‐program earnings to Model 3. Model 6 adds both the firm characteristics and the additional earnings variables to Model 3. For more detail see Section V.A.
- Table 11
Impacts on Earnings, Inverse Propensity Score Weighting, Alternative Conditioning Variables, State B
Adult Classification Dislocated Classification Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Impact over Q + 1 through Q + 12 Model 1 −1,558 570 0.01 −11,671 911 <0.01 Model 2 −86 721 0.90 −9,055 1,030 <0.01 Model 3 885 1,109 0.43 −6,396 1,692 <0.01 Model 4 806 1,228 0.51 −6,328 1,693 <0.01 Model 5 416 1,188 0.73 −6,378 1,656 <0.01 Model 6 396 1,284 0.76 −6,304 1,553 <0.01 Impact over Q + 9 through Q + 12 Model 1 1,661 259 <0.01 −626 372 0.09 Model 2 1,958 288 <0.01 80 450 0.86 Model 3 2,214 529 <0.01 945 594 0.11 Model 4 2,171 594 <0.01 967 617 0.12 Model 5 2,068 569 <0.01 962 602 0.11 Model 6 2,052 614 <0.01 980 616 0.11 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: Model 1 contains basic demographics and two years of pre‐program earnings. Model 2 approximates the specification in Heinrich (2013) but omits the geographic variables. Model 3 adds one‐stop center indicators (that is, geography) to Model 2. Model 4 adds characteristics of the worker’s most recent firm to Model 3. Model 5 adds four additional quarters of pre‐program earnings to Model 3. Model 6 adds both the firm characteristics and the additional earnings variables to Model 3. For more detail see Section V.A of the text.
- Table 12
Differences‐in‐Differences Impacts on Earnings, Inverse Propensity Score Weighting, Model 6
Adult Classification Dislocated Classification Treatment Effect SE p‐Value Treatment Effect SE p‐Value State A Total, Q + 1 to Q + 12 880 1,029 0.39 −3,618 2,120 0.09 Total, Q + 9 to Q + 12 1,703 631 0.01 −109 1,046 0.92 State B Total, Q + 1 to Q + 12 −610 1,333 0.65 −5,074 1,829 0.01 Total, Q + 9 to Q + 12 1,513 971 0.12 1,280 752 0.09 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: For differences‐in‐differences analysis, the pre‐period is Q–12 through Q–1 when using Q + 1 to Q + 12 as the post‐period, and is Q–12 through Q–9 when using Q + 9 through Q + 12 as the post‐period.
Net Benefit per Participant $3,000 Direct Costs $9,000 Direct Costs Benefit Duration MSCPF Annual Discount Rate Adult Dislocated Adult Dislocated As long as in the data 1.00 0.00 −2,275 −9,707 −8,275 −15,707 1.00 0.05 −2,466 −9,536 −8,466 −15,536 1.00 0.10 −2,649 −9,370 −8,649 −15,370 1.25 0.00 −3,025 −10,457 −10,525 −17,957 1.25 0.05 −3,216 −10,286 −10,716 −17,786 1.25 0.10 −3,399 −10,120 −10,899 −17,620 1.50 0.00 −3,775 −11,207 −12,775 −20,207 1.50 0.05 −3,966 −11,036 −12,966 −20,036 1.50 0.10 −4,149 −10,870 −13,149 −19,870 5 years 1.00 0.00 610 −10,952 −5,390 −16,952 1.00 0.05 −54 −10,576 −6,054 −16,576 1.00 0.10 −652 −10,232 −6,652 −16,232 1.25 0.00 −140 −11,702 −7,640 −19,202 1.25 0.05 −804 −11,326 −8,304 −18,826 1.25 0.10 −1,402 −10,982 −8,902 −18,482 1.50 0.00 −890 −12,452 −9,890 −21,452 1.50 0.05 −1,554 −12,076 −10,554 −21,076 1.50 0.10 −2,152 −11,732 −11,152 −20,732 Indefinite 1.00 0.00 +inf –inf +inf –inf 1.00 0.05 22,267 −20,207 16,267 −26,207 1.00 0.10 7,865 −13,907 1,865 −19,907 1.25 0.00 +inf –inf +inf –inf 1.25 0.05 21,517 −20,957 14,017 −28,457 1.25 0.10 7,115 −14,657 −385 −22,157 1.50 0.00 +inf –inf +inf –inf 1.50 0.05 20,767 −21,707 11,767 −30,707 1.50 0.10 6,365 −15,407 −2,635 −24,407 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: Estimates are drawn from Table 6. With an annual discount rate of 0.00, the benefits under the assumption of indefinite benefit duration become infinite, whether positive (“+inf”) or negative (“–inf”). Costs are assumed to entirely occur in the first quarter after WIA registration. MSCPF is the marginal social cost of public funds.
Net Benefit per Participant $3,000 Direct Costs $9,000 Direct Costs Benefit Duration MSCPF Annual Discount Rate Adult Dislocated Adult Dislocated As long as in the data 1.00 0.00 −2,604 −9,305 −8,604 −15,305 1.00 0.05 −2,834 −9,313 −8,834 −15,313 1.00 0.10 −3,055 −9,315 −9,055 −15,315 1.25 0.00 −3,354 −10,055 −10,854 −17,555 1.25 0.05 −3,584 −10,063 −11,084 −17,563 1.25 0.10 −3,805 −10,065 −11,305 −17,565 1.50 0.00 −4,104 −10,805 −13,104 −19,805 1.50 0.05 −4,334 −10,813 −13,334 −19,813 1.50 0.10 −4,555 −10,815 −13,555 −19,815 5 years 1.00 0.00 1,684 −5,759 −4,316 −11,759 1.00 0.05 750 −6,348 −5,250 −12,348 1.00 0.10 −86 −6,860 −6,086 −12,860 1.25 0.00 934 −6,509 −6,566 −14,009 1.25 0.05 0 −7,098 −7,500 −14,598 1.25 0.10 −836 −7,610 −8,336 −15,110 1.50 0.00 184 −7,259 −8,816 −16,259 1.50 0.05 −750 −7,848 −9,750 −16,848 1.50 0.10 −1,586 −8,360 −10,586 −17,360 Indefinite 1.00 0.00 +inf +inf +inf +inf 1.00 0.05 33,926 21,091 27,926 15,091 1.00 0.10 12,573 3,610 6,573 −2,390 1.25 0.00 +inf +inf +inf +inf 1.25 0.05 33,176 20,341 25,676 12,841 1.25 0.10 11,823 2,860 4,323 −4,640 1.50 0.00 +inf +inf +inf +inf 1.50 0.05 32,426 19,591 23,426 10,591 1.50 0.10 11,073 2,110 2,073 −6,890 Source: Authors’ calculations from WIA and LEHD data.
Notes: Estimates are drawn from Table 7. With an annual discount rate of 0.00, the benefits under the assumption of indefinite benefit duration become infinite, whether positive (“+inf”) or negative (“–inf”). Costs are assumed to entirely occur in the first quarter after WIA registration. MSCPF is the marginal social cost of public funds.
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In this issue
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- Article
- Abstract
- I. Introduction
- II. The WIA Program
- III. Data
- IV. Treatment and the Parameter of Interest
- V. Identification and Estimation
- VI. Results: Determinants of Training Receipt
- VII. Results: Impacts on Earnings and Employment
- VIII. Results: Firm Characteristics
- IX. Results: Alternative Identification Strategies
- X. WIA Costs and Benefits
- XI. Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Footnotes
- References
- Figures & Data
- Supplemental
- Info & Metrics
- References