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Research ArticleArticles
Open Access

Can Transfers and Complementary Nutrition Programming Reduce Intimate Partner Violence Four Years Post-Program?

Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh

View ORCID ProfileShalini Roy, View ORCID ProfileMelissa Hidrobo, View ORCID ProfileJohn Hoddinott, View ORCID ProfileBastien Kolt and View ORCID ProfileAkhter Ahmed
Journal of Human Resources, November 2024, 59 (6) 1714-1740; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0720-11014R2
Shalini Roy
Shalini Roy is a Senior Research Fellow in the Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division at the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington, DC (s.roy{at}cgiar.org).
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Melissa Hidrobo
Melissa Hidrobo is a Senior Research Fellow in the Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division at the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington, DC.
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John Hoddinott
John Hoddinott is a Professor in the Division of Nutritional Sciences, Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, and Department of Global Development, at Cornell University and is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute.
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Bastien Kolt
Bastien Kolt is a Research Analyst at the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington, DC.
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Akhter Ahmed
Akhter Ahmed is a Senior Research Fellow in the Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division at the International Food Policy Research Institute in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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    Flow Chart of Estimation Sample

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    Table 1

    Attrition from Baseline Sample (N = 3,000) to 4yPP Estimation Sample (N = 2,416)

    Full SampleNorthSouth
    Transfers0.00−0.020.03
    (0.02)(0.03)(0.03)
    Transfers+BCC−0.000.02−0.02
    (0.02)(0.03)(0.03)
    Constant/control group0.180.210.18
    (0.02)***(0.02)***(0.02)***
    R20.000.000.00
    N3,0001,5001,500
    p-value: Transfers = Transfers+BCC0.780.220.08
    • Notes: OLS coefficients reported. Full sample model includes regional fixed effects (not shown). 4yPP denotes four years post-program. Standard errors clustered at the village level. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

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    Table 2

    Baseline Characteristics by Intervention Arm

    Panel A: North
     NMeansp-Value of Diff.
    CashCash+BCCControlCash – ControlCash+BCC – ControlCash – Cash+BCC
    Woman’s age1,18127.1027.5127.290.680.670.41
    Woman’s years of formal schooling1,1812.852.752.960.700.470.72
    Woman can read and write1,1810.490.480.480.870.910.96
    Woman is the spouse of household head1,1810.820.820.820.900.860.96
    Woman’s number of children aged 0–5 years1,1811.341.351.370.630.680.98
    Woman’s number of children aged 6–15 years1,1810.860.960.860.910.200.24
    Doing work that brings in cash, additional food, or allows to accumulate household assets1,1810.040.140.150.250.930.27
    Woman’s monthly labor income1,1810.060.020.020.630.990.61
    Woman currently owns any savings1,1810.06−0.05−0.010.370.620.17
    Controls money needed to buy food, clothes, medicine, and toiletries1,181−0.09−0.03−0.060.790.720.53
    Household size1,1814.975.044.970.990.530.56
    Household’s total monthly consumption expenditure per capita1,181−0.09−0.09−0.110.560.750.95
    p-value from joint F-test0.860.780.83
    Panel B: South
    NMeansp-Value of Diff.
    FoodFood+BCCControlFood – ControlFood+BCC – ControlFood – Food+BCC
    Woman’s age1,23527.5326.7027.360.740.200.10
    Woman’s years of formal schooling1,2353.543.714.070.060.230.56
    Woman can read and write1,2350.600.640.670.060.410.34
    Woman is the spouse of household head1,2350.710.700.740.510.380.79
    Woman’s number of children aged 0–5 years1,2351.401.341.340.190.950.17
    Woman’s number of children aged 6–15 years1,2351.080.861.050.750.060.03
    Doing work that brings in cash, additional food, or allows to accumulate household assets1,235−0.03−0.17−0.140.260.820.16
    Woman’s monthly labor income1,235−0.09−0.09−0.020.380.450.96
    Woman currently owns any savings1,2350.07−0.030.010.470.650.25
    Controls money needed to buy food, clothes, medicine, and toiletries1,2350.100.070.060.650.880.77
    Household size1,2355.465.265.540.570.060.17
    Household’s total monthly consumption expenditure per capita1,2350.04−0.010.100.430.120.21
    p-value from joint F-test0.700.010.12
    • Notes: p-values are reported from Wald tests on the equality of means of control and each treatment for each variable. Standard errors are clustered at the village level. Variables with missing values imputed at the treatment group mean: Doing work [. . .], Controls money [. . .], Household’s consumption expenditure. Standardized variables: Doing work [. . .], Woman’s monthly labor income, Woman currently owns any savings, Controls money [. . .], Household’s consumption expenditure.

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    Table 3

    Impacts of Treatment on Prevalence of IPV at Six Months and Four Years Post-Program, North and South

    NorthSouthNorth vs. South
    Mean of ControlCashCash+BCCp-Value of Cash = Cash+BCCMean of ControlFoodFood+BCCp-Value of Food = Food+BCCp-Value of Cash = Foodp-Value of Cash+BCC = Food+BCC
    Emotional violence (in the last 6 months) at 6mPP0.61−0.020.020.410.630.03−0.050.110.510.32
    (0.05)(0.05)(0.06)(0.05)
    Emotional violence (in the last 12 months) at 4yPP0.440.02−0.07*0.04**0.400.010.000.780.970.20
    (0.04)(0.04)(0.04)(0.04)
    Physical violence (in the last 6 months) at 6mPP0.30−0.01−0.09***0.03**0.220.01−0.050.09*0.670.45
    (0.03)(0.03)(0.03)(0.03)
    Physical violence (in the last 12 months) at 4Ypp0.26−0.04−0.14***0.00***0.17−0.02−0.010.500.850.00***
    (0.03)(0.03)(0.03)(0.02)
    • Notes: Marginal effects of probit models reported. N = 2,416. Control variables include all baseline characteristics of the woman and her household shown in Table 2. 6mPP denotes six months post-program, 4yPP denotes four years post-program. Standard errors clustered at the village level. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

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    Table 4

    Impact of Treatment on IPV Channels at Four Years Post-program, North and South

    NorthSouthNorth vs. South
    Mean of ControlCashCash+BCCp-Value of Cash = Cash+BCCMean of ControlFoodFood+BCCp-Value of Food = Food+BCCp-Value of Cash = Foodp-Value of Cash+BCC = Food+BCC
    Women’s economic resources−0.070.100.19**0.200.06−0.100.030.110.06*0.16
    (0.07)(0.08)(0.08)(0.09)
    Women’s agency−0.180.19**0.25***0.540.17−0.080.100.07*0.03**0.29
    (0.08)(0.09)(0.09)(0.10)
    Women’s social and community support−0.040.080.25**0.140.04−0.050.000.580.370.09*
    (0.10)(0.10)(0.10)(0.10)
    Perceived social control0.210.000.060.62−0.200.020.23*0.190.930.33
    (0.12)(0.11)(0.17)(0.13)
    Men’s private cost−0.080.040.120.330.08−0.06−0.120.520.410.05*
    (0.09)(0.09)(0.08)(0.08)
    Household poverty−0.350.20**0.39***0.03**0.33−0.100.150.01**0.01**0.07*
    (0.08)(0.09)(0.09)(0.09)
    Men’s emotional well-being−0.060.18*0.27**0.420.06−0.040.000.700.110.06*
    (0.11)(0.11)(0.09)(0.10)
    • Notes: OLS coefficients reported with standard errors in parentheses (clustered at the village level). N = 2416 (North = 1181; South = 1235) for all indexes except private costs and emotional well-being of men [both N = 1989 (North = 1012; South = 977)]. Channels are constructed following Kling et al. (2007) and standardized to the control group. As described in Section II.B, social and community support of women can also be conceptualized as cost of men; however, they were estimated separately here to allow for mutually exclusive channels. For the household poverty channel, higher values indicate lower poverty. Control variables include all baseline characteristics of the woman and her household shown in Table 2. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

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    Table A1

    Operationalization of Pathways

    PathwayChannel (Summary Index)Outcome Variables (Index Components)
    Women’s bargaining powerWomen’s economic resources1. Woman works for cash, food, or asset accumulation;
    2. Monthly labor income index;
    3. Control over money needed to buy food, clothes, medicine, or toiletries/cosmetics;
    4. Index for value of assets solely owned;
    5. Ownership of savings
    Women’s agency6. Locus of control index;
    7. Self-ranking on 9-step ladder of having rights;
    8. Self-ranking on 9-step ladder of ability to change life;
    9. Perceive success/failure as own responsibility vs. destiny;
    10. Gender norms index;
    11. Attitudes about IPV;
    12. Exposure to places outside of home index;
    13. Ever using radio or TV;
    14. Ownership of mobile phone
    Women’s social and community support15. Level of social capital: someone to help in time of need;
    16. Level of social capital: meeting with women to discuss issues;
    17. How often do you see family or friends;
    18. Participation in savings group
    Men’s costsPerceived social control19. Woman’s level of perceived social cohesion;
    20. Women’s perception that community would intervene in cases of IPV;
    21. Village leader’s perception that community disagrees with justifying IPV;
    22. Village leader’s perception that community would intervene in cases of IPV
    Men’s private costs23. Male’s gender norms index;
    24. Male’s attitudes about IPV
    Poverty-related emotional well-beingHousehold poverty25. Total monthly household consumption per capita;
    26. Household Food Insecurity
    Men’s emotional well-being27. Men’s stress;
    28. Men’s depression;
    29. Men’s locus of control
    • Notes: The “women’s social and community support” channel pertains to both the “women’s bargaining power” pathway and the “men’s costs” pathway.

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    • 0720-11014R2_repmat.zip
    • 0720-11014R2_supp.pdf
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Journal of Human Resources: 59 (6)
Journal of Human Resources
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Can Transfers and Complementary Nutrition Programming Reduce Intimate Partner Violence Four Years Post-Program?
Shalini Roy, Melissa Hidrobo, John Hoddinott, Bastien Kolt, Akhter Ahmed
Journal of Human Resources Nov 2024, 59 (6) 1714-1740; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0720-11014R2

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Can Transfers and Complementary Nutrition Programming Reduce Intimate Partner Violence Four Years Post-Program?
Shalini Roy, Melissa Hidrobo, John Hoddinott, Bastien Kolt, Akhter Ahmed
Journal of Human Resources Nov 2024, 59 (6) 1714-1740; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0720-11014R2
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    • I. Introduction
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