Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Proportion of British Columbia School Children with an In-School Mental Health Special Need, by Year
Source: British Columbia Ministry of Education Public School Administrative Data File.
Notes. The sample includes children born between 1993 and 2000 and aged 6–17 in years 2002–2015. Indicators created by authors according to the Special Education Needs (SEN) classification and equal one if a child has ever been classified as having the corresponding SEN.
- Figure 2
Event Study Estimates of the Trajectory of Earnings among Children in Households with a Household Earnings Loss
Source. British Columbia Ministry of Education Public School Administrative Data Files and linked T1FF tax file.
Notes. The sample includes children born between 1993 and 2000 and aged 6–17 in years 2002–2015, after propensity score matching. Residual values derived from regressions including controls for family size, number of earners, average parent age, child age fixed effects, child grade fixed effects, as well as child, year, and school fixed effects. The gray vertical bars represent the 95 percent confidence intervals, which are based on within-household cluster-robust standard errors.
- Figure 3
Event Study Estimates of the Trajectory of Mental Health Designations among Children in Households with a Household Earnings Loss
Source. British Columbia Ministry of Education Public School Administrative Data Files and linked T1FF tax file.
Notes. The sample includes children born between 1993 and 2000 and aged 6–17 in years 2002–2015, after propensity score matching. Mental health indicators created by authors according to the Special Education Needs (SEN) classification and equal one if a child has ever been classified as having a mental health condition. Residual values derived from regressions including controls for family size, number of earners, average parent age, child age fixed effects, child grade fixed effects, as well as child, year, and school fixed effects. The gray vertical bars represent the 95 percent confidence intervals, which are based on within-household cluster-robust standard errors.
- Figure 4
Event Study Estimates of the Trajectory of Mental Health Designations among Children in Households with a Household Earnings Loss
Source. British Columbia Ministry of Education Public School Administrative Data Files and linked T1FF tax file.
Notes. See Figure 2. Moderate reflects ever having received a designation for moderate behavior support or mental health conditions. Severe reflects ever having received a designation for intervention or serious mental health illness.
- Figure 5
Event Study Estimates of the Trajectory of Mental Health Designations among Children in Households with a Maternal Earnings Loss
Source. British Columbia Ministry of Education Public School Administrative Data Files and linked T1FF tax file.
Notes. See Figure 4. Panel A includes children whose mothers had positive permanent earnings. Panel B includes children whose mothers had positive earnings in 2006.
- Figure 6
Event Study Estimates of the Trajectory of Mental Health Designations among Children in Households with a Household Earnings Loss, by Child Demographics
Source. British Columbia Ministry of Education Public School Administrative Data Files and linked T1FF tax file.
Notes. See Figure 4. Treatment is 5,000 CAD loss relative to 2002–2006 permanent income.
- Figure 7
Event Study Estimates of the Trajectory of Placebo Health Designations among Children in Households with a Household Earnings Loss
Source. British Columbia Ministry of Education Public School Administrative Data Files and linked T1FF tax file.
Notes. See Figure 4. Treatment is 5,000 CAD loss relative to 2002–2006 permanent income.
Tables
Treatment Defined Using Baseline Permanent Income Treatment Defined Using Baseline 2006 Income Absolute Loss (at Least) $5,000 X X $10,000 X X $15,000 X X Percent Loss (at Least) 50% X X 90% X X Standard Deviation Loss (at Least) 0.5 SD X 0.75 SD X Source: Authors.
Notes: Summary of treatment definitions. Dollar values are in Canadian dollars.
No Loss Any Loss Mean SD Mean SD Average over All Years Any mental health illness 0.032 0.177 0.042 0.202 Moderate mental health 0.021 0.144 0.027 0.163 Severe mental health 0.018 0.132 0.024 0.153 Autism diagnosis 0.008 0.091 0.009 0.094 Physical disorder 0.005 0.073 0.006 0.076 Child age 11.727 3.225 11.735 3.221 Grade 6.695 3.220 6.691 3.212 Attends public school 0.889 0.314 0.883 0.321 Average over 2002–2006 Any mental health illness 0.020 0.139 0.025 0.157 Moderate mental health 0.012 0.110 0.016 0.124 Severe mental health 0.011 0.105 0.014 0.118 Autism diagnosis 0.005 0.071 0.005 0.070 Physical disorder 0.005 0.070 0.005 0.072 Transfer income (tax system) $3,500 $4,000 $3,700 $4,200 2006 Average Average household earnings $66,300 $50,000 $53,200 $53,400 Number of household earners 1.517 0.613 1.387 0.652 Number of parents 1.738 0.440 1.671 0.470 Family size 4.142 1.151 4.101 1.271 Mom working 0.890 0.313 0.925 0.263 Average age of parents 40.764 5.654 40.754 6.329 Asian language at home 0.200 0.400 0.222 0.415 Non-English or non-Asian language at home 0.092 0.289 0.092 0.289 Indigenous 0.094 0.291 0.130 0.336 Birth year 1996 2.277 1996 2.277 Gender (Male) 0.512 0.500 0.515 0.500 Number of children (rounded to base 10) 172,000 79,660 N (rounded to base 10) 1,859,630 863,930 Source: British Columbia Ministry of Education Public School Administrative Data File.
Notes. The sample includes children born between 1993 and 2000 and aged 6–17 in years 2002–2015. The no loss group includes children whose families did not lose any income in 2008 or 2009 relative to 2002–2006 permanent income, and the any loss group includes children whose families did lose. Dollar values (in nominal CAD) rounded to base 100 as per vetting rules.
Treatment Defined Using Baseline Permanent Income Treatment Defined Using Baseline 2006 Income $5K Loss 50% Loss 0.5 SD Loss $5K Loss 50% Loss Share of households with loss 0.2293 0.1497 0.2456 0.3134 0.1412 Average baseline earnings, control group $57,400 $33,300 $50,800 $73,200 $47,600 Average baseline earnings, treatment group $58,400 $32,300 $50,900 $76,200 $49,400 Average SD perm earnings, control group $16,300 $13,300 $13,600 Average SD perm earnings, treatment group $16,900 $13,500 $13,600 Average 2008/2009 earn change (rel. baseline), control group $22,900 $14,800 $18,700 $14,500 $6,800 Average 2008/2009 earn change (rel. baseline), treatment group –$25,200 –$25,800 –$23,000 –$28,600 –$37,700 Average earnings across all years, control group $79,100 $48,200 $69,000 $85,600 $55,400 Average earnings across all years, treatment group $55,500 $27,500 $48,100 $65,400 $35,100 Source: British Columbia Ministry of Education Public School Administrative Data File.
Notes. Average earnings are computed for the matched samples. Dollar values (in nominal CAD) rounded to base 100 as per vetting rules. Sample includes children born between 1993 and 2000 aged 6–17 in years 2002–2015.
- Table 4
Effect of Household Earnings on Any New Mental Health Designation Using Bartik Instrument
Overall Bottom Quartile Second Quartile Third Quartile Top Quartile (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 
($1,000)−0.0011** 0.0019 0.0041 −0.0023** 0.0001 (0.0005) (0.0019) (0.0062) −0.0011 (0.0005) First stage Bartik instrument 30.9336*** −18.7471*** −5.8796 22.7483*** 38.6872*** (4.2429) (4.3107) (5.5387) (6.4020) (13.9048) Average household income (2006) $14,800 $43,700 $75,300 $133,400 First-stage F-statistic 53.15 18.91 1.13 12.63 7.74 N 2,677,080 606,401 619,640 626,860 626,950 Source: British Columbia Ministry of Education Public School Administrative Data Files and linked T1FF tax file.
Notes: The sample includes children born between 1993 and 2000 aged 6–17 in years 2002–2015. Results of estimating Equations 3 and 4. Covariates include average age of tax-filers, indigenous status, home language other, home language Asian, and gender. The model also includes kid, FSA, year, age, grade, school, family size, number of earners, number of tax-filers and school type fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered at family level. Quartiles are defined using 2006 household employment income. Dollar values rounded to base 100 as per vetting rules. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
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