Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
List Experiment for the Question “Partner Sometimes Hits”
- Figure 2
List Experiment: “Partner Sometimes Hits” by Subgroups
Notes: Treated and control refers to the randomization of job offers in the field experiment. List refers to the estimated prevalence of having partner sometimes hitting in the list experiment. Direct refers to the prevalence when using a direct survey question. Difference refers to the difference between asking in the list experiment minus asking directly. The difference-in-difference estimate for the treated and control, that is, the effect as measured with the list experiment, is not statistically significant (p = 0.25). 95 percent confidence intervals are shown.
Tables
Mean SD Physical Abuse Variables (First Follow-Up) Physical abuse (lifetime) 0.290 (0.454) Physical abuse last 3 months 0.129 (0.336) Less severe (lifetime) 0.260 (0.439) Less severe last 3 months 0.109 (0.311) Severe (lifetime) 0.018 (0.134) Severe last 3 months 0.003 (0.056) Sexual (lifetime) 0.092 (0.289) Sexual last 3 months 0.036 (0.187) Other Outcome Variables (First Follow-Up) Emotional (lifetime) 0.399 (0.490) Emotional last 3 months 0.177 (0.382) Number of control issues (lifetime) 1.010 (1.549) Number control last 3 months 0.376 (0.862) Decision-making index 0.639 (0.327) Number decision-making items 7.666 (3.919) Equality index 0.126 (0.136) Number equality items 1.260 (1.361) Employment and Income Variables (First Follow-Up) Any wage job last 6 months 0.498 (0.500) Earnings from wage job last 6 months (birr) 2,114 (3,244) Share of earnings from wage job 0.320 (0.395) Earnings last 6 months (birr) 2,818 (3,919) Share of earnings 0.280 (0.350) Income last 6 months (birr) 3,434 (4,116) Share of income 0.229 (0.274) She earns more than him 0.189 (0.392) Main Baseline Variables Treatment 0.490 (0.500) Physical abuse last 3 months 0.193 (0.395) Any formal wage job (ever) 0.308 (0.462) Age 24.909 (6.139) Justified: Goes out 0.300 (0.459) Justified: Neglects children 0.352 (0.478) Justified: Refuses sex 0.151 (0.358) Justified: Argues 0.197 (0.398) Justified: Burns food 0.196 (0.397) Muslim 0.140 (0.347) Protestant 0.229 (0.420) Medium education (10 years) 0.514 (0.500) High education (>10 years) 0.215 (0.411) Father beat mother 0.351 (0.477) N 1,262 Notes: All variables are measured at the first follow-up except for Treatment and the baseline controls. The share variables refer to woman’s share of the total couple earnings and income.
Treatment Physical First Follow-Up, All Physical First Follow-Up, Control (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Physical abuse last 3 months (B) −0.0057 0.0069 0.19*** 0.19*** 0.14*** 0.14*** (0.037) (0.037) (0.032) (0.032) (0.043) (0.043) Any formal wage job (ever) 0.00063 −0.0018 0.017 0.0077 0.020 0.017 (0.0030) (0.0031) (0.022) (0.022) (0.032) (0.032) Age −0.065** −0.053 −0.0012 −0.0012 −0.0023 −0.0020 (0.032) (0.039) (0.0019) (0.0019) (0.0030) (0.0031) Justified: Goes out −0.053* −0.040 0.014 −0.0051 0.0058 −0.022 (0.032) (0.040) (0.022) (0.025) (0.033) (0.035) Justified: Neglects children −0.068* −0.050 0.016 −0.0072 0.042 0.026 (0.041) (0.049) (0.021) (0.027) (0.031) (0.038) Justified: Refuses sex −0.015 0.040 −0.0091 −0.060* −0.0068 −0.068 (0.037) (0.045) (0.028) (0.032) (0.037) (0.043) Justified: Argues −0.015 0.041 0.041 0.036 0.042 0.020 (0.039) (0.049) (0.026) (0.030) (0.038) (0.043) Justified: Burns food 0.039 0.040 0.046* 0.040 0.075* 0.078* (0.033) (0.033) (0.027) (0.033) (0.041) (0.047) Muslim −0.13** −0.13** 0.0036 −0.0012 −0.0081 −0.019 (0.054) (0.058) (0.037) (0.038) (0.056) (0.058) Protestant 0.12* 0.11 0.0064 0.034 −0.0082 0.0042 (0.065) (0.067) (0.042) (0.042) (0.063) (0.062) Medium education −0.061* −0.068 −0.010 −0.029 −0.020 −0.020 (0.034) (0.051) (0.022) (0.029) (0.033) (0.045) High education 0.056 −0.010 −0.0059 −0.019 0.0043 0.011 (0.037) (0.056) (0.024) (0.032) (0.035) (0.048) Father beat mother −0.059* −0.064** 0.026 0.019 0.017 0.0071 (0.031) (0.031) (0.021) (0.021) (0.029) (0.029) Number of observations 1,262 1,262 1,262 1,262 643 643 R-squared 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 F-test 1.26 3.43 1.16 p-value of F-test 0.26 0.06 0.28 Notes: Columns 1, 3, and 5 show coefficients when we include the variables one by one. The sample in Columns 5 and 6 is restricted to the control group only. All regressions control block fixed effects. Robust SE in parentheses.
Any Wage Job (1) Earnings from Wage Job (2) Share of Wage Earnings (3) She Earns More (4) All Source Income (5) Panel A: First-Stage Estimates After 6 Months Treatment 0.40*** 1,726.8*** 0.19*** 0.13*** 1245.1*** (0.025) (172.6) (0.025) (0.023) (224.7) Mean dep. var. in C group 0.29 1,292.02 0.23 0.13 2,824.93 Number of observations 1,262 1,262 930 1,226 1,259 R-squared 0.29 0.22 0.22 0.12 0.11 Controls Block Block Block Block Block Panel B: First-Stage Estimates After 12 Months Treatment 0.24*** 1661.1*** 0.15*** 0.10*** 967.4*** (0.028) (200.2) (0.027) (0.025) (266.0) Mean dep. var. in C group 0.33 1,841.30 0.30 0.18 3,664.87 Number of observations 1,174 1,174 866 1,161 1,174 R-squared 0.19 0.18 0.21 0.14 0.07 Controls Block Block Block Block Block Panel C: First-Stage Estimates After 18 Months Treatment 0.17*** 1,392.1*** 0.097*** 0.069*** 948.5*** (0.031) (250.7) (0.029) (0.027) (347.4) Mean dep. var. in C group 0.36 2,437.13 0.35 0.21 4,545.74 Number of observations 1,074 1,074 794 1,066 1,074 R-squared 0.15 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.08 Controls Block Block Block Block Block Notes: All regressions control block fixed effects. Robust SE in parentheses.
Physical (1) Physical (2) Emotional (3) Emotional (4) Panel A: Reduced Form Estimates After 6 Months Treatment −0.0100 −0.012 −0.053** −0.054** (0.020) (0.019) (0.022) (0.022) Mean dep. var. in C group 0.13 0.13 0.20 0.20 Number of observations 1,262 1,262 1,262 1,262 R-squared 0.06 0.11 0.07 0.09 Controls Block Full Block Full Panel B: Reduced Form Estimates After 12 Months Treatment −0.0017 −0.00028 0.0035 0.0071 (0.017) (0.017) (0.020) (0.020) Mean dep. var. in C group 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.12 Number of observations 1,174 1,174 1,174 1,174 R-squared 0.07 0.11 0.09 0.13 Controls Block Full Block Full Panel C: Reduced Form Estimates After 18 Months Treatment −0.016 −0.014 −0.047** −0.044** (0.018) (0.017) (0.020) (0.020) Mean dep. var. in C group 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.14 Number of observations 1,073 1,073 1,073 1,073 R-squared 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.14 Controls Block Full Block Full Notes: Physical IPV also includes sexual IPV. All regressions control block fixed effects. Robust SE in parentheses.
Physical (1) Physical (2) Emotional (3) Emotional (4) Panel A: OLS Regressions Any wage job last 6 months (B) 0.054** 0.050* 0.032 0.030 (0.026) (0.026) (0.027) (0.027) Mean dep. var. in C group 0.13 0.13 0.20 0.20 Number of observations 1,262 1,262 1,262 1,262 R-squared 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.11 Controls Block Full Block Full Panel B: Instrumental Variables Regressions Any wage job last 6 months −0.025 −0.031 −0.13** −0.12** (0.049) (0.049) (0.054) (0.054) Mean dep. var. in C group 0.13 0.13 0.20 0.20 Number of observations 1,262 1,262 1,262 1,262 R-squared 0.06 0.11 0.04 0.10 Controls Block Full Block Full Notes: Physical IPV also includes sexual IPV. Robust SE in parentheses. (B) refers to baseline such that the results in Panel A refer to any wage job last six months as measured at baseline. The IV results are results from two stage least squares regressions where Treatment is used to instrument for any wage job last six months at follow-up.
(1) (2) (3) (4) Panel A: Physical Abuse Equality index (B) 0.058 (0.076) Decision-making index (B) −0.084** (0.041) Acceptance index (B) 0.080*** (0.024) Number of control issues (B) 0.096*** (0.0088) Mean dep. var. in sample 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.19 Number of observations 1,260 935 1,262 1,262 R-squared 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.21 Controls Block Block Block Block Panel B: Emotional Abuse Equality index (B) −0.083 (0.079) Decision-making index (B) −0.0088 (0.046) Acceptance index (B) 0.085*** (0.027) Number of control issues (B) 0.12*** (0.0085) Mean dep. var. in sample 0.25 0.23 0.25 0.25 Number of observations 1,260 935 1,262 1,262 R-squared 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.24 Controls Block Block Block Block Notes: Physical IPV also includes sexual IPV. All regressions control block fixed effects. Robust SE in parentheses. The sample includes everyone without missing values of the outcome at baseline and follow-up.
Equality Index (1) Decision-Making Index (2) Acceptance Index (3) Number Controlling Issues (4) Treatment −0.0075 0.012 −0.034 −0.020 (0.0074) (0.019) (0.027) (0.087) Mean dep. var. in sample 0.13 0.62 0.44 1.05 Number of observations 1,260 1,041 1,262 1,262 R-squared 0.16 0.22 0.15 0.13 Controls Block Block Block Block Notes: All regressions control block fixed effects. Robust SE in parentheses.
Partner Hits Sometimes (1) Partner Punched Last 3 Months (2) List treatment 0.18** 0.11 (0.087) (0.092) Mean number of answers in C group 1.49 1.50 Mean direct question in C group 0.15 0.06 SE mean direct question in C group (0.026) (0.018) Number of observations 367 367 R-squared 0.01 0.00 Controls None None Notes: All regressions control block fixed effects. Robust SE in parentheses.
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