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Research ArticleArticles

A Thousand Cuts

Cumulative Lead Exposure Reduces Academic Achievement

View ORCID ProfileAlex Hollingsworth, View ORCID ProfileJiafang Mike Huang, View ORCID ProfileIvan Rudik and View ORCID ProfileNicholas J. Sanders
Journal of Human Resources, May 2025, 60 (3) 950-976; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0222-12169R2
Alex Hollingsworth
Alex Hollingsworth is an associate professor at the Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics; the Department of Economics; and the John Glenn College of Public Affairs at Ohio State University and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research.
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Jiafang Mike Huang
Jiafang Huang is a Ph.D. student at the Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management at Cornell University.
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Ivan Rudik
Ivan Rudik is an associate professor at the Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management at Cornell University, and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (corresponding author, ).
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  • For correspondence: irudik{at}cornell.edu
Nicholas J. Sanders
Nicholas J. Sanders is an associate professor in the Brooks School of Public Policy and the Department of Economics at Cornell University, and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research.
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Journal of Human Resources: 60 (3)
Journal of Human Resources
Vol. 60, Issue 3
1 May 2025
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A Thousand Cuts
Alex Hollingsworth, Jiafang Mike Huang, Ivan Rudik, Nicholas J. Sanders
Journal of Human Resources May 2025, 60 (3) 950-976; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0222-12169R2

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A Thousand Cuts
Alex Hollingsworth, Jiafang Mike Huang, Ivan Rudik, Nicholas J. Sanders
Journal of Human Resources May 2025, 60 (3) 950-976; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0222-12169R2
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Data
    • III. Theoretical Framework, Summary Data, and Methods
    • IV. Results
    • V. Valuation of Test Score Effects
    • VI. Discussion and Conclusion
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