Workplace Presenteeism, Job Substitutability, and Gender Inequality

Effect of Parenthood on the Within-Couple Gap in Uniqueness: Other Samples

Notes: See note in Figure 1. In the “private sector” estimation sample, we restrict the analysis to jobs in the private sector. The “private sector” estimation sample includes 105,033 observations (17,997 unique couples). In the “public sector” estimation sample, we restrict the analysis to jobs in the public sector. The “public sector” estimation sample includes 91,386 observations (12,372 unique couples). In the “nonmanagers” estimation sample, we drop observations where either the father or the mother holds a managerial position. The “nonmanagers” estimation sample includes 319,830 observations (48,899 unique couples). In the “low-skilled” estimation sample, we restrict the analysis to jobs in low-skilled occupations. The “low-skilled” estimation sample includes 67,398 observations (13,992 unique couples). In the “high-skilled” estimation sample, we restrict the analysis to jobs in high-skilled occupations. The “high-skilled” estimation sample includes 171,944 observations (23,563 unique couples). In the “same occupation” estimation sample, we keep couples in which the mother and the father worked in the same occupation two years before birth. The “same occupation” estimation sample includes 65,764 observations (8,549 unique couples). In the “different occupation” estimation sample, we keep couples in which the mother and the father worked in different occupations two years before birth. The “different occupation” estimation sample includes 294,746 observations (43,180 unique couples).

Effect of Parenthood on the Within-Couple Gap in Uniqueness

Notes: The figure shows estimates of α_j in Equation 2 for an unbalanced panel of couples divided into two groups depending on the net cost of absence related to low substitutability. In Equation 2, the outcome is the within-couple gap in uniqueness (father–mother) at a particular event time, which ranges from four years before birth to 14 years after birth. Uniqueness is defined as having less than or equal to five coworkers in the same occupation. Uniqueness can be observed between 1997 and 2013. The outcome is explained by event time dummies (where t = −1 is the omitted category), calendar year dummies (where c = 1997 is the omitted category), the within-couple gap in uniqueness at t = −2, the within-couple differences in age and pre-birth years of education, and an error term. The coefficients on the event time dummies (α_j) identify the effect of parenthood on the change in the within-couple gap in uniqueness relative to the pre-birth difference. We divide our baseline estimation sample (that is, all couples with nonmissing values on the within-couple gap in uniqueness two years before the birth who had their first child over the period 1999–2007) into two parts: couples in which the mother had a pre-birth occupation where uniqueness is relatively attractive even with high absence and couples in which the mother had a pre-birth occupation where uniqueness is relatively unattractive in the case of high absence. This division is further explained in the main text of Section IV.C. The “attractive” estimation sample includes 199,871 observations (29,030 unique couples). The “unattractive” estimation sample includes 154,739 observations (22,049 unique couples).