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Research ArticleArticles

Female Executives and the Motherhood Penalty

View ORCID ProfileSeth Murray, View ORCID ProfileDanielle H. Sandler and View ORCID ProfileMatthew Staiger
Journal of Human Resources, September 2025, 60 (5) 1706-1736; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0521-11673R1
Seth Murray
Seth Murray is at the Federal Reserve Board .
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  • For correspondence: seth.m.murray{at}frb.gov
Danielle H. Sandler
Danielle H. Sandler is at the U.S. Census Bureau .
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  • For correspondence: danielle.h.sandler{at}census.gov
Matthew Staiger
Matthew Staiger is at Opportunity Insights, Harvard University .
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  • For correspondence: mstaiger{at}g.harvard.edu
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Article Information

vol. 60 no. 5 1706-1736
DOI 
https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0521-11673R1
Published By 
University of Wisconsin Press
Print ISSN 
0022-166X
Online ISSN 
1548-8004
History 
  • Received May 1, 2021
  • Accepted December 1, 2022
  • Published online September 9, 2025.
Copyright & Usage 
© 2025 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

Author Information

  1. Seth Murray
  1. Seth Murray is at the Federal Reserve Board (seth.m.murray{at}frb.gov).
  1. Danielle H. Sandler
  1. Danielle H. Sandler is at the U.S. Census Bureau (danielle.h.sandler{at}census.gov).
  1. Matthew Staiger
  1. Matthew Staiger is at Opportunity Insights, Harvard University (mstaiger{at}g.harvard.edu).
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In this issue

Journal of Human Resources: 60 (5)
Journal of Human Resources
Vol. 60, Issue 5
1 Sep 2025
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Female Executives and the Motherhood Penalty
Seth Murray, Danielle H. Sandler, Matthew Staiger
Journal of Human Resources Sep 2025, 60 (5) 1706-1736; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0521-11673R1

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Female Executives and the Motherhood Penalty
Seth Murray, Danielle H. Sandler, Matthew Staiger
Journal of Human Resources Sep 2025, 60 (5) 1706-1736; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0521-11673R1
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Data and Measurement
    • III. Labor Market Outcomes
    • IV. Female Executives and the Motherhood Penalty
    • V. Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
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