Female Executives and the Motherhood Penalty

References

1. ↵
   1. Abendroth, Anja-Kristin,
   2. Silvia Melzer,
   3. Alexandra Kalev, and
   4. Donald Tomaskovic-Devey

   . 2017. “Women at Work: Women’s Access to Power and the Gender Earnings Gap.” ILR Review 70(1):190–222.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Abowd, John M.,
   2. Bryce E. Stephens,
   3. Lars Vilhuber,
   4. Fredrik Andersson,
   5. Kevin L. McKinney,
   6. Marc Roemer, and
   7. Simon Woodcock

   . 2009. “The LEHD Infrastructure Files and the Creation of the Quarterly Workforce Indicators.” In Producer Dynamics: New Evidence from Micro Data, ed. Timothy Dunne, J. Bradford Jensen, and Mark J. Roberts, 149–234. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3. ↵
   1. Albrecht, James,
   2. Mary Ann Bronson,
   3. Peter Skogman Thoursie, and
   4. Susan Vroman

   . 2018. “The Career Dynamics of High-Skilled Women and Men: Evidence from Sweden.” European Economic Review 105:83–102.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Angelov, Nikolay,
   2. Per Johansson, and
   3. Erica Lindahl

   . 2016. “Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Pay.” Journal of Labor Economics 34(3):545–79.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
5. ↵
   1. Bächmann, Ann-Christin,
   2. Corinna Frodermann, and
   3. Dana Müller

   . 2020. “Does the Firm Make the Difference? The Influence of Organizational Family-Friendly Arrangements on the Duration of Employment Interruptions after Childbirth.” European Sociological Review 36(5):798–813.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Bertrand, Marianne,
   2. Sandra E. Black,
   3. Sissel Jensen, and
   4. Adriana Lleras-Muney

   . 2019. “Breaking the Glass Ceiling? The Effect of Board Quotas on Female Labour Market Outcomes in Norway.” Review of Economic Studies 86(1):191–239.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Bhide, Anita.

   2019. “Do Female Executives Reduce Gender Gaps?” Working Paper.
8. ↵
   1. Bütikofer, Aline,
   2. Sissel Jensen, and
   3. Kjell G. Salvanes

   . 2018. “The Role of Parenthood on the Gender Gap among Top Earners.” European Economic Review 109:103–23.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Card, David,
   2. Ana Rute Cardoso,
   3. Joerg Heining, and
   4. Patrick Kline

   . 2018. “Firms and Labor Market Inequality: Evidence and Some Theory.” Journal of Labor Economics 36(1):13–70.

   OpenUrl
10. ↵
    1. Cullen, Zöe B., and
    2. Ricardo Perez-Truglia

    . 2023. “The Old Boys’ Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap.” American Economic Review 113(7):1703–40.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Flabbi, Luca,
    2. Mario Macis,
    3. Andrea Moro, and
    4. Fabiano Schivardi

    . 2019. “Do Female Executives Make a Difference? The Impact of Female Leadership on Gender Gaps and Firm Performance.” Economic Journal 129(622):2390–423.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Foster, Thomas B.,
    2. Marta Murray-Close,
    3. Liana Christin Landivar, and
    4. Mark deWolf

    . 2020. “An Evaluation of the Gender Wage Gap Using Linked Survey and Administrative Data.” Working Paper Series.
13. ↵
    1. Grall, Timothy.

    2020. “Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2017 Current Population Reports.” Technical Report.
14. ↵
    1. Hemez, Paul, and
    2. Chanell Washington

    . 2021. “Percentage and Number of Children Living with Two Parents Has Dropped Since 1968.” https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/number-of-children-living-only-with-their-mothers-has-doubled-in-past-50-years.html (accessed March 17, 2025).
15. ↵
    1. Hotchkiss, Julie L.,
    2. M. Melinda Pitts, and
    3. Mary Beth Walker

    . 2017. “Impact of First Birth Career Interruption on Earnings: Evidence from Administrative Data.” Applied Economics 49(35):3509–22.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Hotz, V. Joseph,
    2. Per Johansson, and
    3. Arizo Karimi

    . 2017. “Parenthood, Family Friendly Workplaces, and the Gender Gaps in Early Work Careers.” NBER Working Paper 24173. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
17. ↵
    1. Kleven, Henrik,
    2. Camille Landais, and
    3. Jakob Egholt Søgaard

    . 2019. “Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11(4):181–209.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
18. 1. Kleven, Henrik

    . 2021. “Does Biology Drive Child Penalties? Evidence from Biological and Adoptive Families.” American Economic Review: Insights 3(2):183–98.

    OpenUrl
19. 1. Kleven, Henrik,
    2. Camille Landais,
    3. Johanna Posch,
    4. Andreas Steinhauer, and
    5. Josef Zweimüller

    . 2019. “Child Penalties Across Countries: Evidence and Explanations.” AEA Papers and Proceedings 109:122–26.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
20. ↵
    1. Kurtulus, Fidan Ana, and
    2. Donald Tomaskovic-Devey

    . 2012. “Do Female Top Managers Help Women to Advance? A Panel Study Using EEO-1 Records.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 639(1):173–97.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
21. ↵
    1. Kuziemko, Ilyana,
    2. Jessica Pan,
    3. Jenny Shen, and
    4. Ebonya Washington

    . 2018. “The Mommy Effect: Do Women Anticipate the Employment Effects of Motherhood?” NBER Working Paper 24740. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
22. ↵
    1. Neumeier, Christian,
    2. Todd Sørensen, and
    3. Douglas Webber

    . 2018. “The Implicit Costs of Motherhood over the Lifecycle: Cross-Cohort Evidence from Administrative Longitudinal Data.” Southern Economic Journal 84(3):716–33.

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Nix, Emily, and
    2. Martin Andresen

    . 2022. “What Causes the Child Penalty? Evidence from Adopting and Same Sex Couples.” Journal of Labor Economics 40(4):971–1004.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    1. Parker, Kim, and
    2. Wendy Wang

    . 2013. “Modern Parenthood: Roles of Moms and Dads Converge as They Balance Work and Family.” Technical Report.
25. ↵
    1. Sandberg, Sheryl, and
    2. Nell Scovell

    . 2013. Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. New York: Alfred A. Knoph.
26. ↵
    1. Sandler, Danielle, and
    2. Nichole Szembrot

    . 2019. “Maternal Labor Dynamics: Participation, Earnings, and Employer Changes.” U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies Working Paper.
27. ↵
    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2020. “Highlights of Women’s Earnings in 2019.” Technical Report 1089. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
28. ↵
    1. Wagner, Deborah, and
    2. Mary Lane

    . 2014. “The Person Identification Validation System (PVS): Applying the Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications’ (CARRA) Record Linkage Software.” Technical Report. Washington, DC: Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.