Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
    • Free Issue
    • Special Issues
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • Request JHR at your library
    • Alerts
  • Announcements
  • Special Issue
  • Other Publications
    • UW Press Journals

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Journal of Human Resources
  • Other Publications
    • UW Press Journals
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Journal of Human Resources

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
    • Free Issue
    • Special Issues
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • Request JHR at your library
    • Alerts
  • Announcements
  • Special Issue
  • Follow uwp on Twitter
  • Follow JHR on Bluesky
Research ArticleArticles

Early-Life Exposure to the Great Depression and Long-Term Health and Economic Outcomes

View ORCID ProfileValentina Duque and View ORCID ProfileLauren L. Schmitz
Journal of Human Resources, November 2025, 60 (6) 1937-1970; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0421-11584R1
Valentina Duque
Valentina Duque is an assistant professor of public affairs in the School of Public Affairs at American University.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Valentina Duque
Lauren L. Schmitz
Lauren L. Schmitz is an associate professor of public affairs in the Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs at the University of Wisconsin–Madison .
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Lauren L. Schmitz
  • For correspondence: llschmitz{at}wisc.edu
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

    1. Acemoglu, Daron,
    2. David H. Autor, and
    3. David Lyle
    . 2004. “Women, War, and Wages: The Effect of Female Labor Supply on the Wage Structure at Midcentury.” Journal of Political Economy 112(3):497–551.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  1. ↵
    1. Albanesi, Stefania, and
    2. Claudia Olivetti
    . 2016. “Gender Roles and Medical Progress.” Journal of Political Economy 124(3):650–95.
    OpenUrl
  2. ↵
    1. Almond, Douglas.
    2006. “Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over? Long-Term Effects of In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post-1940 U.S. Population.” Journal of Political Economy 114(4):672–712.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    1. Almond, Douglas, and
    2. Janet Currie
    . 2011. “Human Capital Before Age 5.” In Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 4, Part B, ed. Card David and Orley Ashenfelter, 1315–486. New York: Elsevier.
  4. ↵
    1. Almond, Douglas,
    2. Janet Currie, and
    3. Valentina Duque
    . 2018. “Childhood Circumstances and Adult Outcomes: Act II.” Journal of Economic Literature 56(4):1360–446.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  5. ↵
    1. Arthi, Vellore.
    2018. “The Dust Was Long in Settling: Human Capital and the Lasting Impact of the American Dust Bowl.” Journal of Economic History 78(1):196–230.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Bailey, Martha J., and
    2. Brad J. Hershbein
    . 2018. “U.S. Fertility Rates and Childbearing in American Economic History, 1800–2010.” In Oxford Handbook of American Economic History, Volume 1, ed. Louis P. Cain, Price V. Fishback, and Paul W. Rhode, 75–100. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  7. ↵
    1. Banerjee, Abhijit,
    2. Esther Duflo,
    3. Gilles Postel-Vinay, and
    4. Timothy M. Watts
    . 2010. “Long-Run Health Impacts of Income Shocks: Wine and Phylloxera in Nineteenth-Century France.” Review of Economics and Statistics 92(4):714–28.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Barker,
    2. David J.P.
    1990. “The Fetal and Infant Origins of Adult Disease.” British Medical Journal 301(6761):1111.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Bernanke, Ben.
    1983. “Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression.” American Economic Review 73(3):257–76.
    OpenUrl
  8. ↵
    1. Bernanke, Ben.
    . 2000. Essays on the Great Depression. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  9. ↵
    1. Bitler, Marianne,
    2. Hilary Hoynes, and
    3. Elira Kuka
    . 2016. “Child Poverty, the Great Recession, and the Social Safety Net in the United States.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 36(2):358–89.
    OpenUrl
  10. ↵
    1. Bitler, Marianne P.,
    2. Hilary Hoynes, and
    3. Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach
    . 2020. “The Social Safety Net in the Wake of COVID-19.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2020(2):119–58.
    OpenUrl
  11. ↵
    1. Bleakley, Hoyt.
    2010. “Health, Human Capital, and Development.” Annual Review of Economics 2(1):283–310.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Boone, Christopher D.A., and
    2. Laurence H. Wilse-Samson
    . 2023. “Structural Change and Internal Labor Migration: Evidence from the Great Depression.” Review of Economics and Statistics 105(4):962–81.
    OpenUrl
  13. ↵
    1. Borts, George H.
    1960. “Regional Cycles of Manufacturing Employment in the United States, 1914–1953.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 55(289):151–211.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Boustan, Leah Platt,
    2. Price V. Fishback, and
    3. Shawn Kantor
    . 2010. “The Effect of Internal Migration on Local Labor Markets: American Cities During the Great Depression.” Journal of Labor Economics 28(4):719–46.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    1. Bozzoli, Carlos,
    2. Angus Deaton, and
    3. Climent Quintana-Domeque
    . 2009. “Adult Height and Childhood Disease.” Demography 46(4):647–69.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    1. Case, Anne, and
    2. Christina Paxson
    . 2008. “Stature and Status: Height, Ability, and Labor Market Outcomes.” Journal of Political Economy 116(3):499–532.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  16. ↵
    1. Christiano, Lawrence,
    2. Roberto Motto, and
    3. Massimo Rostagno
    . 2003. “The Great Depression and the Friedman-Schwartz Hypothesis.” Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Working Paper 03-18. https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-200318
  17. ↵
    1. Creamer, Daniel, and
    2. Charles Merwin
    . 1942. “State Distribution of Income Payments 1929–1946.” Survey of Current Business 22(7):18–26. https://apps.bea.gov/scb/issues/1942/scb-1942-july.pdf (accessed April 2, 2025).
    OpenUrl
  18. ↵
    1. Costa, Dora L.
    1998. The Evolution of Retirement: An American Economic History, 1880–1990. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  19. ↵
    1. Currie, Janet, and
    2. Hannes Schwandt
    . 2014. “Short and Long-Term Effects of Unemployment on Fertility.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(41):14734–39.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  20. ↵
    1. Cutler, David M.,
    2. Wei Huang, and
    3. Adriana Lleras-Muney
    . 2016. “Economic Conditions and Mortality: Evidence from 200 Years of Data.” NBER Working Paper 22690. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
  21. ↵
    1. Cutler, David M.,
    2. Grant Miller, and
    3. Douglas M. Norton
    . 2007. “Evidence on Early-Life Income and Late-Life Health from America’s Dust Bowl Era.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(33):13244–49.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. ↵
    1. Duque, Valentina,
    2. Maria Rosales-Rueda, and
    3. Fabio Sanchez
    . 2021. “How Do Early-Life Shocks Interact with Subsequent Human Capital Investments? Evidence from Administrative Data.”
  23. ↵
    1. Elder, Glen Jr.
    . 1974. Children of The Great Depression: Social Changes in Life Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  24. ↵
    1. Fang, Chichun.
    2021. “Health and Retirement Study Imputations of Lifetime Earnings Records: Data Description and Technical Documentation, Version 2.” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/data-products/restricted-data/available-products/9688 (accessed April 2, 2025).
  25. ↵
    1. Fishback, Price V.
    2017. “How Successful Was the New Deal? The Microeconomic Impact of New Deal Spending and Lending Policies in the 1930s.” Journal of Economic Literature 55(4):1435–85.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  26. ↵
    1. Fishback, Price V.,
    2. Michael R. Haines,
    3. Shawn Kantor
    . 2007. “Births, Deaths, and New Deal Relief During the Great Depression.” Review of Economics and Statistics 89(1):1–14.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Fishback, Price V.,
    2. William C. Horrace, and
    3. Shawn Kantor
    . 2005. “Did New Deal Grant Programs Stimulate Local Economies? A Study of Federal Grants and Retail Sales during the Great Depression.” Journal of Economic History 65(1):36–71.
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
  27. ↵
    1. Fishback, Price, and
    2. Shawn Kantor
    . 2018. “New Deal Studies: New Deal Spending.” ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/E101199V1-24102
  28. ↵
    1. Fishback, Price V.,
    2. Shawn Kantor, and
    3. John Joseph Wallis
    . 2003. “Can the New Deal’s Three Rs Be Rehabilitated? A Program-by-Program, County-by-County Analysis.” Explorations in Economic History 40(3):278–307.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  29. ↵
    1. Fisher, Irving.
    1933. “The Debt–Deflation Theory of Great Depressions.” Econometrica 1(4):337–57.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  30. ↵
    1. Fletcher, Jason M.
    2019. “Examining the Long-Term Mortality Effects of Early Health Shocks.” Applied Economics Letters 26(11):902–8.
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    1. Friedman, Milton, and
    2. Anna Jacobson Schwartz
    . 1963. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960. Volume 14. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  32. ↵
    1. Garrett, Thomas A., and
    2. David C. Wheelock
    . 2006. “Why Did Income Growth Vary Across States During the Great Depression?” Journal of Economic History 66(2):456–66.
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
  33. ↵
    1. Gavrilov, Leonid A., and
    2. Natalia S. Gavrilova
    . 2004. “Early-Life Programming of Aging and Longevity: The Idea of High Initial Damage Load (the HIDL Hypothesis).” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1019:496–501.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. ↵
    1. Gladyshev, Vadim N.
    2021. “The Ground Zero of Organismal Life and Aging.” Trends in Molecular Medicine 27(1):11–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  35. ↵
    1. Gluckman, Peter, and
    2. Mark Hanson
    . 2004. The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development and Disease. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  36. ↵
    1. Goldin, Claudia D.
    1991. “The Role of World War II in the Rise of Women’s Employment.” American Economic Review 81(4):741–56.
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
  37. ↵
    1. Goldin, Claudia, and
    2. Claudia Olivetti
    . 2013. “Shocking Labor Supply: A Reassessment of the Role of World War II on Women’s Labor Supply.” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 103(3):257–62.
    OpenUrl
    1. Granados,
    2. José A. Tapia, and
    3. Ana V. Diez Roux
    . 2009. “Life and Death During the Great Depression.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(41):17290–95.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Gruber, Jonathan, and
    2. David Wise
    . 2002. “An International Perspective on Policies for an Aging Society.” In Policies for an Aging Society, ed. Stuart H. Altman and David I. Schactman, 34–62. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
  38. ↵
    1. Gutmann, Myron P.,
    2. Daniel Brown,
    3. Angela R. Cunningham,
    4. James Dykes,
    5. Susan Hautaniemi Leonard,
    6. Jani Little,
    7. Jeremy Mikecz,
    8. Paul W. Rhode,
    9. Seth Spielman, and
    10. Kenneth M. Sylvester
    . 2016. “Migration in the 1930s: Beyond the Dust Bowl.” Social Science History 40(4):707–40.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  39. ↵
    1. Hansen, Zeynep K., and
    2. Gary D. Libecap
    . 2004. “Small Farms, Externalities, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.” Journal of Political Economy 112(3):665–94.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    Health and Retirement Study (HRS). 2021. “Imputation of Lifetime Earnings Records Restricted Data Set.” Produced and distributed by the University of Michigan with funding from the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). Ann Arbor, MI: HRS.
  41. ↵
    Health and Retirement Study (HRS). 2022a. “Cross-Wave Geographic Information (State) 1992–2018 Restricted Data Set.” Produced and distributed by the University of Michigan with funding from the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). Ann Arbor, MI: HRS.
  42. Health and Retirement Study (HRS). 2022b. “Industry and Occupation Data Restricted Data Set.” Produced and distributed by the University of Michigan with funding from the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). Ann Arbor, MI: HRS.
  43. ↵
    Health and Retirement Study (HRS). 2022c. “HRS 1940 Census Data Restricted Data Set.” Produced and distributed by the University of Michigan with funding from the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). Ann Arbor, MI: HRS.
  44. ↵
    1. Heckman, James J.
    2008. “Schools, Skills, and Synapses.” Economic Inquiry 46(3):289–324.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  45. ↵
    1. Hornbeck, Richard.
    2012. “The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl: Short- and Long-Run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe.” American Economic Review 102(4):1477–507.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  46. ↵
    1. Jayachandran, Seema,
    2. Adriana Lleras-Muney, and
    3. Kimberly V. Smith
    . 2010. “Modern Medicine and the Twentieth Century Decline in Mortality: Evidence on the Impact of Sulfa Drugs.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2(2):118–46.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Mdash?>Jayachandran, Seema
    , 2019. “Replication Data for: Modern Medicine and the Twentieth Century Decline in Mortality: Evidence on the Impact of Sulfa Drugs.” Nashville, TN: Am. Econ. Assoc. [publisher]. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR [distributor]. https://doi.org/10.3886/E113743V1
    1. Jones, Larry E., and
    2. Michéle Tertilt
    . 2008. “An Economic History of Fertility in the United States: 1826–1960.” In Frontiers of Family Economics, Volume 1, ed. Peter Rupert, 165–230. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  47. ↵
    1. Kehoe, Timothy J., and
    2. Edward C. Prescott
    . 2007. “Great Depressions of the Twentieth Century.” Minneapolis, MN: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
  48. ↵
    1. Keynes, John Maynard.
    1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  49. ↵
    1. Knudsen, Eric I.,
    2. James J. Heckman,
    3. Judy L. Cameron, and
    4. Jack P. Shonkoff
    . 2006. “Economic, Neurobiological, and Behavioral Perspectives on Building America’s Future Workforce.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(27):10155–62.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  50. ↵
    1. Lindeboom, Maarten,
    2. France, Portrait, and
    3. Gerard J. van den Berg, G.J.
    2010. “Long-Run Effects on Longevity of a Nutritional Shock Early in Life: the Dutch Potato Famine of 1846–1847.” Journal of Health Economics 29(5):617–29.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  51. ↵
    1. Martin, Patricia P., and
    2. David A. Weaver
    . 2005. “Social Security: A Program and Policy History.” Social Security Bulletin 66(1).
  52. ↵
    1. Merrill, Ray M., and
    2. John S. Richardson
    . 2009. “Validity of Self-Reported Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2006.” Preventing Chronic Disease 6(4):A121.
    OpenUrl
  53. ↵
    1. Moulton, Jeremy Grant.
    2017. “The Great Depression of Income: Historical Estimates of the Longer-Run Impact of Entering the Labor Market During a Recession.” B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 17(4):20170119.
    OpenUrl
  54. ↵
    1. Naeye, Richard L.,
    2. Leslie S. Burt,
    3. David L. Wright,
    4. William A. Blanc, and
    5. Dorothy Tatter
    . 1971. “Neonatal Mortality, the Male Disadvantage.” Pediatrics 48(6):902–6.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  55. ↵
    1. Norton, Douglas.
    2007. “Data on Infant Mortality and Births 1920–1945.” https://www.nber.org/research/data/vital-statistics-births-and-infant-mortality-1920-1945 Cambridge, MA: NBER. (accessed April 2, 2025).
  56. ↵
    1. Patton, George C.,
    2. Susan M. Sawyer,
    3. John S. Santelli,
    4. David A. Ross,
    5. Rima Afifi,
    6. Nicholas B. Allen,
    7. Monika Arora,
    8. Peter Azzopardi,
    9. Wendy Baldwin,
    10. Christopher Bonell,
    11. Ritsuko Kakuma,
    12. Elissa Kennedy,
    13. Jaqueline Mahon,
    14. Terry McGovern,
    15. Ali H. Mokdad,
    16. Vikram Patel,
    17. Suzanne Petroni,
    18. Nicola Reavley,
    19. Kikelomo Taiwo,
    20. Jane Waldfogel,
    21. Dakshitha Wickremarathne,
    22. Carmen Barroso,
    23. Zulfiqar Bhutta,
    24. Adesegun O. Fatusi,
    25. Amitabh Mattoo,
    26. Judith Diers,
    27. Jing Fang,
    28. Jane Ferguson,
    29. Frederick Ssewamala, and
    30. Russell M. Viner
    . 2016. “Our Future: A Lancet Commission on Adolescent Health and Wellbeing.” Lancet Commissions 387(10036):2423–78.
    OpenUrl
  57. ↵
    1. Paulson, Daniel, and
    2. Peter A. Lichtenberg
    . 2015. “The Paulson–Lichtenberg Frailty Index: Evidence for a Self-Report Measure of Frailty.” Aging & Mental Health 19(10):892–901.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  58. ↵
    1. Pongou, Roland.
    2013. “Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in Boys Than in Girls? A New Hypothesis Based on Preconception Environment and Evidence from a Large Sample of Twins.” Demography 50(2):421–44.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  59. ↵
    RAND HRS. 2018. “RAND HRS Longitudinal File 2018 (V1).” Santa Monica, CA: RAND Center for the Study of Aging, with funding from the National Institute on Aging and the Social Security Administration.
  60. ↵
    1. Romer, Christina. D.
    1992. “What Ended the Great Depression?” Journal of Economic History 52(4):757–84.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  61. ↵
    1. Rosenbloom, Joshua L., and
    2. William A. Sundstrom
    . 1999. “The Sources of Regional Variation in the Severity of the Great Depression: Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing 1919–1937.” Journal of Economic History 59(3):714–47.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  62. ↵
    1. Ruggles, Steven,
    2. Sarah Flood,
    3. Matthew Sobek,
    4. Danika Brockman,
    5. Grace Cooper,
    6. Stephanie Richards, and
    7. Megan Schouweiler
    . 2023. “IPUMS USA: Version 13.0.” [data set.] Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V13.0
  63. ↵
    1. Schmitz, Lauren L., and
    2. Valentina Duque
    . 2022. “In Utero Exposure to the Great Depression Is Reflected in Late-Life Epigenetic Aging Signatures.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119(46):e2208530119.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  64. ↵
    1. Scholte, Robert,
    2. Gerard J. van den Berg,
    3. Maarten Lindeboom, and
    4. Dorly J.H. Deeg
    . 2017. “Does the Size of the Effect of Adverse Events at High Ages on Daily-Life Physical Functioning Depend on the Economic Conditions Around Birth?” Health Economics 26(1):86–103.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  65. ↵
    1. Sobotka, Tomáš,
    2. Vegard Skirbekk, and
    3. Dimiter Philipov
    . 2011. “Economic Recession and Fertility in the Developed World.” Population and Development Review 37(2):267–306.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  66. ↵
    1. Sonnega, Amanda,
    2. Jessica D. Faul,
    3. Mary Beth Ofstedal,
    4. Kenneth M. Langa,
    5. John W.R. Phillips, and
    6. David R. Weir
    . 2014. “Cohort Profile: The Health and Retirement Study (HRS).” International Journal of Epidemiology 43(2):576–85.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  67. ↵
    1. Stuckler, David,
    2. Christopher Meissner,
    3. Price Fishback,
    4. Sanjay Basu, and
    5. Martin McKee
    . 2012. “Banking Crises and Mortality During the Great Depression: Evidence from US Urban Populations 1929–1937.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 66(5):410–19.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  68. ↵
    1. Temin, Peter.
    1994. “The Great Depression.” NBER Working Paper 0062. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
  69. ↵
    1. Terkel, Studs.
    2012. Hard Times, An Illustrated Oral History of the Great Depression. New York: The New Press.
  70. ↵
    1. Thomasson, Melissa A., and
    2. Price V. Fishback
    . 2014. “Hard Times in the Land of Plenty: The Effect on Income and Disability Later in Life for People Born During the Great Depression.” Explorations in Economic History 54:64–78.
    OpenUrl
  71. ↵
    1. Thompson, Ross A., and
    2. Charles A. Nelson
    . 2001. “Developmental Science and the Media: Early Brain Development.”American Psychologist 56(1):5–15.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  72. ↵
    U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2022. “SAINC7H Wages and Salaries by Industry (Historical) 1929–1957.” https://www.bea.gov/itable/regional-gdp-and-personal-income (accessed April 2, 2025).
  73. ↵
    U.S. Census Bureau. 1932. “1930 Census: Agriculture Volume 2. Reports by States, with Statistics for Counties and a Summary for the United States.” https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1932/dec/1930d-vol-02-agriculture.html (accessed April 2, 2025).
  74. ↵
    U.S. Census Bureau. 1933a. “1930 Census: Manufacturers, 1929. Volume 3. Reports by States. Statistics for Industrial Areas, Counties, and Cities.” https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1933/dec/1930f-vol-03-manufactures.html (accessed April 2, 2025).
  75. U.S. Census Bureau. 1933b. “1930 Census: Volume 4. Occupations, by States. Reports by States, Giving Statistics for Cities of 25,000 or More. United States Summary.” https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1933/dec/1930a-vol-04-occupations.html (accessed April 2, 2025).
  76. ↵
    1. Van den Berg, Gerard J.,
    2. Maarten Lindeboom, and
    3. France Portrait
    . 2006. “Economic Conditions Early in Life and Individual Mortality.” American Economic Review 96(1):290–302.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  77. ↵
    1. Waldron, I.
    1985. “What Do We Know About Causes of Sex Differences in Mortality? A Review of the Literature.” Population Bulletin of the United Nations 18:59–76.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  78. ↵
    1. Wallis, John Joseph.
    1989. “Employment in the Great Depression: New Data and Hypotheses.” Explorations in Economic History 26(1):45–72.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  79. ↵
    1. Warren,
    2. John Robert,
    3. Fabian Pfeffer,
    4. Jonas Helgertz, and
    5. Dafeng Xu
    . 2020. “Linking 1940 U.S. Census Data to the Health and Retirement Survey: Technical Documentation.” Health and Retirement Survey Documentation Report, Release 1.
  80. ↵
    1. Worster, Donald.
    1979. Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s. New York: Oxford University Press.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Journal of Human Resources: 60 (6)
Journal of Human Resources
Vol. 60, Issue 6
1 Nov 2025
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Journal of Human Resources.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Early-Life Exposure to the Great Depression and Long-Term Health and Economic Outcomes
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Journal of Human Resources
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Journal of Human Resources web site.
Citation Tools
Early-Life Exposure to the Great Depression and Long-Term Health and Economic Outcomes
Valentina Duque, Lauren L. Schmitz
Journal of Human Resources Nov 2025, 60 (6) 1937-1970; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0421-11584R1

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Early-Life Exposure to the Great Depression and Long-Term Health and Economic Outcomes
Valentina Duque, Lauren L. Schmitz
Journal of Human Resources Nov 2025, 60 (6) 1937-1970; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0421-11584R1
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • I. Introduction
    • II. Data and Variable Measures
    • III. Empirical Model
    • IV. Results
    • V. Potential Mechanisms
    • VI. Additional Results
    • VII. Fertility and Survival During the Great Depression
    • VIII. Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Employers’ Language Proficiency Requirements and Hiring of Immigrants
  • Teacher Testing Standards and the New Teacher Pipeline
  • Can Academic Redshirting Shrink the Education Gender Gap?
Show more Articles

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • E24
  • I1
  • I14
  • I3
  • J13
  • J26
UW Press logo

© 2026 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

Powered by HighWire