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2 Maria Fitzpatrick is Professor of Economics and Public Policy in the Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy at Cornell University and Research Associate at National Bureau of Economic Research. Email: .

3 Katharine Sadowski is an Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Education at Stanford University and an Affiliate at the Center for Early Childhood.

4 Christopher Wildeman is a Professor of Sociology and Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University and an Affiliate of the Center for Child and Family Policy.

Matthew Collins is an Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of Galway, J.E. Cairnes School of Business and Economics; .

University of California-Riverside

University of Rochester and NBER

Louisiana State University and NBER

University of South Carolina

* Alexis Orellana, Ph.D. is a Lead Economist at the School of Education and Social Policy at Northwestern University.

† Marcus A. Winters, Ph.D. is a Professor of Educational Leadership & Policy Studies at the Boston University Wheelock College of Education & Human Development and faculty director of the Wheelock Educational Policy Center.