Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Feedback
    • Request JHR at your library
    • Research Highlights
  • Alerts
  • Special Issue
  • Other Publications
    • UWP

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Journal of Human Resources
  • Other Publications
    • UWP
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Journal of Human Resources

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • More
    • Feedback
    • Request JHR at your library
    • Research Highlights
  • Alerts
  • Special Issue
  • Follow uwp on Twitter
Research ArticleArticles

Pricing Children, Curbing Daughters: Fertility and the Sex Ratio During China’s One-Child Policy

Jorge Luis García
Published online before print April 05, 2022, 0820-11118R1; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0820-11118R1
Jorge Luis García
*Jorge Luis García is an Assistant Professor and Powers Emerging Fellow at the John E. Walker Department of Economics and Wilbur O. and Ann Powers College of Business of Clemson University. E-mail: .
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

    1. Almond, D.,
    2. H. Li, and
    3. S. Zhang
    (2019). Land Reform and Sex Selection in China. Journal of Political Economy 127(2), 560–585.
    OpenUrl
    1. Anukriti, S
    . (2018). Financial Incentives and the Fertility-Sex Ratio Trade-Off. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10(2), 27–57.
    OpenUrl
    1. Arellano, M. and
    2. S. Bond
    (1991, April). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. Review of Economic Studies 58(2), 277–297.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Babiarz, K. S.,
    2. P. Ma,
    3. G. Miller, and
    4. S. Song
    (2018). The Limits (and Human Costs) of Population Policy: Fertility Decline and Sex Selection in China under Mao. NBER WP 25130, National Bureau of Economic Research.
    1. Banerjee, A.,
    2. X. Meng,
    3. T. Porzio, and
    4. N. Qian
    (2014). Aggregate Fertility and Household Savings: A General Equilibrium Analysis using Micro Data. NBER WP 20050, National Bureau of Economic Research.
  1. BBC (2021). China Allows Three Children in Major Policy Shift. Website, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57303592.
    1. Bergsvik, J.,
    2. A. Fauske, and
    3. R. K. Hart
    (2021). Can Policies Stall the Fertility Fall? a Systematic Review of the (Quasi-) Experimental Literature. Population and Development Review (Forthcoming).
    1. Blundell, R. and
    2. S. Bond
    (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics 58, 115–143.
    OpenUrl
    1. Cai, Y.
    (2003). Collective Ownership or Cadres’ Ownership? The Non-Agricultural Use of Farmland in China. China Quarterly 175, 662–680.
    OpenUrl
    1. Callaway, B. and
    2. P. H. Sant’Anna
    (2021). Difference-in-Differences with Multiple Time Periods. Journal of Econometrics 225(2), 200–230.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Cattaneo, M. D.,
    2. R. K. Crump,
    3. M. H. Farrell, and
    4. Y. Feng
    (2019). On Binscatter. FRB of New York Staff Report 881, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    1. Chan, K. W.
    (2001). Recent Migration in China: Patterns, Trends, and Policies. Asian Perspective, 127–155.
    1. Chen, Y. and
    2. H. Fang
    (2018). How Family Planning Policies Reshape the Life of the Chinese Elderly. Website, https://voxeu.org/article/how-family-planning-policies-reshapelife-chinese-elderly/.
    1. Chen, Y.,
    2. H. Li, and
    3. L. Meng
    (2013). Prenatal Sex Selection and Missing Girls in China: Evidence from the Diffusion of Diagnostic Ultrasound. Journal of Human Resources 48(1), 36–70.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  2. China Data Center (2017). China Statistical Yearbooks Database. Website, http://chinadataonline.org/asp/contact.asp.
    1. Cohen, A.,
    2. R. Dehejia, and
    3. D. Romanov
    (2013). Financial Incentives and Fertility. Review of Economics and Statistics 95(1), 1–20.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Das Gupta, M.,
    2. J. Zhenghua,
    3. L. Bohua,
    4. X. Zhenming,
    5. W. Chung, and
    6. B. Hwa-Ok
    (2003). Why is Son Preference so Persistent in East and South Asia? A Cross-Country Study of China, India and the Republic of Korea. Journal of Development Studies 40(2), 153–187.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. de Chaisemartin, C. and
    2. X. D’Haultfoeuille
    (2020). Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects. American Economic Review 110(9), 2964–2996.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. De Silva, T. and
    2. S. Tenreyro
    (2017). Population Control Policies and Fertility Convergence. Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(4), 205–228.
    OpenUrl
    1. Duflo, E.
    (2008). Too many boys…. Website, https://voxeu.org/article/china-s-demographicimbalance-too-many-boys.
    1. Ebenstein, A.
    (2010a). Fine Rates on the One-Child Policy. Website, https://scholars.huji.ac.il/avrahamebenstein/links.
    1. Ebenstein, A.
    (2010b). The “Missing Girls” of China and the Unintended Consequences of the One-Child Policy. Journal of Human Resources 45(1), 87–115.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Ebenstein, A.,
    2. M. Hazan, and
    3. A. Simhon
    (2016). Changing the Cost of Children and Fertility: Evidence from the Israeli Kibbutz. Economic Journal 126(597), 2038–2063.
    OpenUrl
    1. Fan, J.,
    2. T. Heberer, and
    3. W. Taubmann
    (2015). Rural China: Economic and Social Change in the Late Twentieth Century: Economic and Social Change in the Late Twentieth Century. Routledge.
    1. Fuest, C.,
    2. A. Peichl, and
    3. S. Siegloch
    (2018). Do Higher Corporate Taxes Reduce Wages? Micro Evidence from Germany. American Economic Review 108(2), 393–418.
    OpenUrl
    1. Galor, O.
    (2012). The Demographic Transition: Causes and Consequences. Cliometrica 6(1), 1–28.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Gathmann, C. and
    2. B. Sass
    (2018). Taxing Childcare: Effects on Childcare Choices, Family Labor Supply, and Children. Journal of Labor Economics 36(3), 665–709.
    OpenUrl
    1. Gauthier, A. H. and
    2. J. Hatzius
    (1997). Family Benefits and Fertility: An Econometric Analysis. Population Studies 51(3), 295–306.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. González, L.
    (2013). The Effect of a Universal Child Benefit on Conceptions, Abortions, and Early Maternal Labor Supply. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5(3), 160–188.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Goodkind, D.
    (2011). Child Underreporting, Fertility, and Sex ratio Imbalance in China. Demography 48(1), 291–316.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Goodkind, D. M.
    (2004). China’s Missing Children: the 2000 Census Underreporting Surprise. Population studies 58(3), 281–295.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Goodman-Bacon, A.
    (2021). Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing. Journal of Econometrics 225(2), 254–277.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Greenhalgh, S. and
    2. E. A. Winckler
    (2005). Governing China’s Population: from Leninist to Neoliberal Biopolitics. Stanford University Press.
    1. Hardee-Cleaveland, K. and
    2. J. Banister
    (1988). Fertility Policy and Implementation in China, 1986-88. Population and Development Review, 245–286.
    1. Hotz, V. J.,
    2. J. A. Klerman, and
    3. R. J. Willis
    (1997). The Economics of Fertility in Developed Countries. Handbook of Population and Family Economics 1, 275–347.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Huang, W.,
    2. X. Lei, and
    3. A. Sun
    (2021). Fertility Restrictions and Life Cycle Outcomes: Evidence from the One-Child Policy in China. Review of Economics and Statistics 103(4), 694–710.
    OpenUrl
    1. Huang, W. and
    2. Y. Zhou
    (2015). One-Child Policy, Marriage Distortion, and Welfare Loss. IZA WP 9532, IZA.
    1. Huang, Z.,
    2. L. Lin, and
    3. J. Zhang
    (2019). Fertility, Child Gender, and Parental Migration Decision: Evidence from One Child Policy in China. SSRN WP 3375122, Social Science Research Network.
    1. Jayachandran, S.
    (2017). Fertility Decline and Missing Women. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9(1), 118–139.
    OpenUrl
    1. Laroque, G. and
    2. B. Salanié
    (2014). Identifying the Response of Fertility to Financial Incentives. Journal of Applied Econometrics 29(2), 314–332.
    OpenUrl
    1. Li, B. and
    2. H. Zhang
    (2017). Does population Control Lead to Better Child Quality? Evidence from China’s One-child Policy Enforcement. Journal of Comparative Economics 45(2), 246–260.
    OpenUrl
    1. Li, H.,
    2. J. Zhang,
    3. Y. Zhu
    , et al. (2005). The Effect of the One-Child Policy on Fertility in China: Identification Based on the Differences-in-Differences. Department of Economics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Discussion Papers (19).
    1. Liu, H.
    (2014). The Quality-Quantity Trade-off: Evidence from the Relaxation of China’s One-Child Policy. Journal of Population Economics 27(2), 565–602.
    OpenUrl
    1. Lu, X. and
    2. E. J. Perry
    (1997). Danwei: The Changing Chinese Workplace in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Me Sharpe.
    1. Manski, C. F. and
    2. J. Mayshar
    (2003). Private Incentives and Social Interactions: Fertility Puzzles in Israel. Journal of the European Economic Association 1(1), 181–211.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. McElroy, M. and
    2. D. T. Yang
    (2000). Carrots and Sticks: Fertility Effects of China’s Population Policies. American Economic Review 90(2), 389–392.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Milligan, K.
    (2005). Subsidizing the Stork: New Evidence on Tax Incentives and Fertility. Review of Economics and Statistics 87(3), 539–555.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  3. Minnesota Population Center (2017). Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International Varsion 6.5 [dataset]. Website, http://doi.org/10.18128/D020.V6.5.
    1. Morgan, S. P.,
    2. G. Zhigang, and
    3. S. R. Hayford
    (2009). China’s Below-replacement Fertility: Recent Trends and Future Prospects. Population and Development Review 35(3), 605–629.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. National School of Development (2009–2017). China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Website, http://charls.pku.edu.cn/en.
    1. Naughton, B.
    (2007). The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. MIT Press.
    1. Postiglione, G. A.
    (2015). Education and Social Change in China: Inequality in a Market Economy. Routledge.
    1. Powell, T. M.
    (2012). The Negative Impact of the One-Child Policy on the Chinese Society as it Related to Parental Support and the Aging of the Population. Georgetown University, Thesis.
    1. Qian, N.
    (2009). Quantity-Quality and the One-Child Policy: The Only-Child Disadvantage in School Enrollment in Rural China. NBER WP 14973, National Bureau of Economic Research.
    1. Scharping, T.
    (2003). Birth Control in China 1949-2000: Population Policy and Demographic Development. London, Routledge.
    1. Sen, A.
    (1991). More than 100 Million Women are Missing. Website, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1990/12/20/more-than-100-million-women-aremissing/.
    1. Sen, A.
    (2015). Women’s Progress Outdid China’s One-Child-Policy. Website, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/02/opinion/.
    1. Simon, D.
    (2016). Does Early Life Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Permanently Harm Childhood Welfare? Evidence from Cigarette Tax Hikes. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8(4), 128–59.
    OpenUrl
    1. Suárez-Serrato, J. C.,
    2. X. Y. Wang, and
    3. S. Zhang
    (2019). The Limits of Meritocracy: Screening Bureaucrats Under Imperfect Verifiability. Journal of Development Economics 140, 223–241.
    OpenUrl
    1. Sun, L. and
    2. S. Abraham
    (2021). Estimating Dynamic Treatment Effects in Event Studies with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects. Journal of Econometrics 225(2), 175–199.
    OpenUrl
    1. Tang, W. and
    2. W. L. Parish
    (2000). Chinese Urban Life under Reform: The Changing Social Contract. Cambridge University Press.
  5. The World Bank (2017a). Fertility Rate, Total (Birth per Woman). Website, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/.
  6. The World Bank (2017b). Total Population. Website, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/.
  7. The World Bank (2021). Life expectancy at birth, total (years). Website, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/.
    1. Tian, B.
    (2003). Zhongguo Diyi Zhengjian (China’s No. 1 Document). Huizhou, China: Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe.
    1. Wang, F.,
    2. L. Zhao, and
    3. Z. Zhao
    (2017). China’s Family Planning Policies and their Labor Market Consequences. Journal of Population Economics 30(1), 31–68.
    OpenUrl
    1. White, H.
    (1980). A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 48(4), 817.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Whittington, L. A.,
    2. J. Alm, and
    3. H. E. Peters
    (1990). Fertility and the Personal Exemption: Implicit Pronatalist Policy in the United States. American Economic Review 80(3), 13.
    OpenUrl
    1. Whyte, M. K.,
    2. W. Feng, and
    3. Y. Cai
    (2015). Challenging Myths about China’s One-Child Policy. China Journal (74), 144–159.
    OpenUrl
    1. Whyte, M. K. and
    2. W. L. Parish
    (1985). Urban Life in Contemporary China. University of Chicago Press.
    1. Windmeijer, F.
    (2005). A Finite-Sample Correction for the Variance of Linear Efficient Two-Step GMM Estimators. Journal of Econometrics 126(1), 25–51.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Yi, Z.,
    2. T. Ping,
    3. G. Baochang,
    4. X. Yi,
    5. L. Bohua, and
    6. L. Yongpiing
    (1993). Causes and Implications of the Recent Increase in the Reported Sex Ratio at Birth in China. Population and Development Review, 283–302.
    1. Zhang, J.
    (2017). The Evolution of China’s One-Child Policy and its Effects on Family Outcomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(1), 141–159.
    OpenUrl
    1. Zhang, J.,
    2. J. Quan, and
    3. P. van Meerbergen
    (1994). The Effect of Tax-Transfer Policies on Fertility in Canada, 1921-88. Journal of Human Resources 29(1), 181.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Journal of Human Resources: 58 (5)
Journal of Human Resources
Vol. 58, Issue 5
1 Sep 2023
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Back Matter (PDF)
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Journal of Human Resources.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Pricing Children, Curbing Daughters: Fertility and the Sex Ratio During China’s One-Child Policy
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Journal of Human Resources
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Journal of Human Resources web site.
Citation Tools
Pricing Children, Curbing Daughters: Fertility and the Sex Ratio During China’s One-Child Policy
Jorge Luis García
Journal of Human Resources Apr 2022, 0820-11118R1; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0820-11118R1

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Pricing Children, Curbing Daughters: Fertility and the Sex Ratio During China’s One-Child Policy
Jorge Luis García
Journal of Human Resources Apr 2022, 0820-11118R1; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0820-11118R1
Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Taken by Storm
  • Selection into Identification in Fixed Effects Models, with Application to Head Start
  • Dynamics of the Gender Gap in High Math Achievement
Show more Articles

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • J13
  • J10
  • N35
UWP

© 2023 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

Powered by HighWire