Investing in Health and Public Safety: Childhood Medicaid Eligibility and Later Life Criminal Behavior

References

1. 1. Agan, Amanda and
   2. Michael Makowsky

   . 2018. “The Minimum Wage, EITC, and Criminal Recidivism.” SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3097203
2. 1. Anderson, D. Mark

   . 2014. “In School and Out of Trouble? The Minimum Dropout Age and Juvenile Crime.” Review of Economics and Statistics 96(2): 318–331.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
3. 1. Anderson, D. Mark,
   2. Resul Cesur, and
   3. Erdal Tekin

   . 2014. “Youth Depression and Future Criminal Behavior.” Economic Inquiry 53(1): 294–317.

   OpenUrl
4. 1. Austin, Anna,
   2. Rebecca Naumann, and
   3. Nicole Short

   . 2021. “Association Between Medicaid Expansion and Suicide Mortality Among Nonelderly US Adults.” American Journal of Epidemiology kwab130. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab130
5. 1. Barr, Andrew and
   2. Alex Smith

   . 2017. “Fighting Crime in the Cradle: The Effects of Early Childhood Food Stamp Access.” pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8805/b55cbaf8ffb5e160b0309a10e638746edcd1.pdf
6. 1. Billings, Stephen and
   2. Mark Hoekstra

   . 2019. Schools, Neighborhoods, and the Long-Run Effect of Crime-Prone Peers. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 25730. https://www.nber.org/papers/w25730.pdf
7. 1. Boudreaux, Michel,
   2. Ezra Golberstein, and
   3. Donna McAlpine

   . 2016. “The Long-Term Impacts of Medicaid Exposure in Early Childhood: Evidence From the Program’s Origin.” Journal of Health Economics 45(January):161–175.

   OpenUrlPubMed
8. 1. Brown, David,
   2. Amanda Kowalski, and
   3. Ithai Lurie

   . 2020. “Long-Term Impacts of Childhood Medicaid Expansions on Outcomes in Adulthood.” Review of Economic Studies 87(2): 792–821. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdz039

   OpenUrl
9. 1. Cameron, A. Colin and
   2. Douglas Miller

   . 2015. “A Practitioner’s Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference.” Journal of Human Resources 50(2):317–372.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
10. 1. Carrell, Scott and
    2. Mark Hoekstra

    . 2010. “Externalities in the Classroom: How Children Exposed to Domestic Violence Affect Everyone’s Kids.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2(1):211–228.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
11. 1. Center for Medicaid and CHIP Services 2021

    . March 2021 Medicaid and CHIP Enrollment Trends Snapshot. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/national-medicaid-chip-program-information/downloads/march-2021-medicaid-chip-enrollment-trend-snapshot.pdf
12. 1. Chalfin, Aaron,
    2. Shooshan Danagoulian, and
    3. Monica Deza

    . 2019. “More Sneezing, Less Crime? Health Shocks and the Market for Offenses.” Journal of Health Economics 68(2019): 102230.

    OpenUrl
13. 1. Cherney, Samantha,
    2. Andrew Morral, and
    3. Terry Schell.

    2018. RAND State Firearm Law Database. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL283.html
14. 1. Clarke, Ronald and
    2. Derek Cornish

    . 1985. “Modeling Offenders’ Decisions: A Framework for Research and Policy.” Crime and Justice 6(1985): 147–185.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
15. 1. Clemans-Cope, Lara,
    2. Genevieve Kenney,
    3. Timothy Waidmann,
    4. Michael Huntress, and
    5. Nathaniel Anderson

    . 2015. “How Well Is CHIP Addressing Health Care Access and Affordability for Children?” Academic Pediatrics 15(3): S71-S77.

    OpenUrl
16. 1. Cohodes, Sarah,
    2. Daniel Grossman,
    3. Samuel Kleiner, and
    4. Michael Lovenheim

    . 2016. “The Effect of Child Health Insurance Access on Schooling: Evidence from Public Insurance Expansions.” Journal of Human Resources 51(3): 727–759.

    OpenUrlAbstract
17. 1. Cuellar, Alison and
    2. Sara Markowitz

    . 2007. “Medicaid Policy, Changes in Mental Health Care, and Their Effect on Mental Health Outcomes.” Health Economics, Policy and Law 2(1): 23–49.

    OpenUrl
18. 1. Currie, Janet and
    2. Jonathan Gruber

    . 1996a. “Health Insurance Eligibility, Utilization of Medical Care, and Child Health.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 111(2): 431–466.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. 1. Currie, Janet and
    2. Jonathan Gruber

    . 1996b. “Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Changes in the Medicaid Eligibility of Pregnant Women.” Journal of Political Economy 104(6): 1263–1296.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. 1. Dave, Dhaval,
    2. Monica Deza, and
    3. Brady Horn

    . 2020. “Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs, Opioid Abuse, and Crime.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 24975. https://www.nber.org/papers/w24975
21. 1. Deza, Monica,
    2. Johanna Maclean, and
    3. Keisha Solomon

    . 2022. “Local Access to Mental Healthcare and Crime.” Journal of Urban Economics 129(1).
22. 1. Donohue, John and
    2. Steven Levitt

    . 2001. “The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(2): 379–420.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
23. 1. Duncan Greg and
    2. Katherine Magnuson

    . 2003. “Off with Hollingshead: Socioeconomic Resources, Parenting, and Child Development.” In: Bornstein MH, Bradley RH, editors. Socioeconomic Status, Parenting, and Child Resources. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; pp. 83–106.
24. 1. Evans, William,
    2. Craig Garthwaite, and
    3. Timothy Moore

    . 2018. “Guns and Violence: The Enduring Impact of Crack Cocaine Markets on Young Black Males.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 24819. https://www.nber.org/papers/w24819.pdf
25. 1. Feenberg, Daniel

    . 2016. State EITC Provisions 1977–2016. National Bureau of Economic Research. users.nber.org/~taxsim/state-eitc.html
26. 1. Feigenbaum, James and
    2. Christopher Muller

    . 2016. “Lead Exposure and Violent Crime in the Early Twentieth Century.” Explorations in Economic History 62(October): 51–86.

    OpenUrl
27. 1. Finkelstein, Amy,
    2. Sarah Taubman,
    3. Bill Wright,
    4. Mira Bernstein,
    5. Jonathan Gruber,
    6. Joseph Newhouse,
    7. Heidi Allen,
    8. Katherine Baicker

    , and Oregon Health Study Group. 2012. “The Oregon Health Insurance Experiment: Evidence From The First Year.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 127(3): 1057–1106.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
28. 1. Fletcher, Jason and
    2. Barbara Wolfe

    . 2008. “Child Mental Health and Human Capital Accumulation: The Case of ADHD Revisited.” Journal of Health Economics 27(3): 794–800.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 1. Flood, Sarah,
    2. Miriam King,
    3. Renae Rodgers,
    4. Steven Ruggles, and
    5. J. Robert Warren

    . 2018. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey: Version 6.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. https://doi.org/10.18128/D030.V6.0
30. 1. Garces, Eliana,
    2. Duncan Thomas, and
    3. Janet Currie

    . 2002. “Longer-Term Effects of Head Start.” American Economic Review 92(4): 999–1210.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. 1. Gilpin, Gregory and
    2. Luke Pennig

    . 2015. “Compulsory Schooling Laws and School Crime.” Applied Economics 47(38): 4056–4073.

    OpenUrl
32. 1. Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul,
    2. Isaac Sorkin, and
    3. Henry Swift

    . 2018. “Bartik Instruments: What, When, Why, and How.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 24408. https://www.nber.org/papers/w24408.pdf
33. 1. Goodman-Bacon, Andrew

    . 2021. “The Long-Run Effects of Childhood Insurance Coverage: Medicaid Implementation, Adult Health, and Labor Market Outcomes.” American Economic Review 111(8): 2250–2293.

    OpenUrl
34. 1. Gould, Eric,
    2. Bruce Weinberg, and
    3. David Mustard

    . 2002. “Crime Rates and Local Labor Market Opportunities in the United States: 1979–1997.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 84(1), 45–61.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
35. 1. Gross, Tal and
    2. Matthew Notowidigdo

    . 2011. “Health Insurance and the Consumer Bankruptcy Decision: Evidence from Expansions of Medicaid.” Journal of Public Economics 95(7-8): 767–778.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
36. 1. Gruber, Jonathan and
    2. Aaron Yelowitz

    . 1999. “Public Health Insurance and Private Savings.” Journal of Political Economy 107(6): 1249–1274.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
37. 1. Haughwout, Sarah and
    2. Megan Slater

    . 2018. National Institutes of Health National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Surveillance Report #110, Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977–2016 pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance110/CONS16.htm.
38. 1. Heller, Sara,
    2. Anuj Shah,
    3. Jonathan Guryan,
    4. Jens Ludwig,
    5. Sendhil Mullainathan, and
    6. Harrold Pollack

    . 2017. “Thinking Fast and Slow? Some Field Experiments to Reduce Crime and Dropout in Chicago.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 132(1):1–54.

    OpenUrl
39. 1. Johnson, Scott

    . 2016. “Parenting Styles and Raising Delinquent Children: Responsibility of Parents in Encouraging Violent Behavior.” Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal 3(1):243–247. DOI: 10.15406/frcij.2016.03.00081.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
40. Kaiser Family Foundation. 1998. Participation in Welfare and Medicaid Enrollment – Issue Paper. https://www.kff.org/medicaid/report/participation-in-welfare-and-medicaid-enrollment-issue/.
41. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2018. Medicaid in the United States. files.kff.org/attachment/fact-sheet-medicaid-state-US.
42. 1. Kesser, Ronald,
    2. Paul Amminger,
    3. Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola,
    4. Jordi Alonso,
    5. Sing Lee, and
    6. T. Bedirhan

    . 2007. “Age Onset of Mental Disorders: A Review of Recent Literature.” Current Opinion in Psychiatry 20(4): 359–364.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
43. 1. Lochner, Lance and
    2. Enrico Moretti

    . 2004. “The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports.” American Economic Review 94(1): 155–189.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
44. 1. Machin, Stephen and
    2. Costas Meghir

    . 2004. “Crime and Economic Incentives.” Journal of Human Resources 39(4): 958–979.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
45. 1. Machin, Stephen,
    2. Oliver Marie, and
    3. Suncica Vujic

    . 2011. “The Crime Reducing Effect of Education.” The Economic Journal 121(552): 463–484.

    OpenUrl
46. 1. Marcotte, Dave and
    2. Sara Markowitz

    . 2010. “A Cure for Crime? Psycho-Pharmaceuticals and Crime Trends.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 30(1): 29–56.

    OpenUrlPubMed
47. 1. Miller, Sarah and
    2. Laura Wherry

    . 2019. “The Long-Term Effects of Early Life Medicaid Coverage.” Journal of Human Resources 54(3):785–824.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
48. 1. Miller, Ted,
    2. Mark Cohen,
    3. David Swedler,
    4. Bina Ali, and
    5. Delia Hendrie

    . 2020. “Incidence and Costs of Personal and Property Crimes in the United States,” SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3514296.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
49. National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws. 2017. “Marijuana: Comparison of State Laws Allowing Use for Medicinal Purposes.” Headquarters Office: The National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws, Manchester, IA. namsdl.org/library/5E330F37-EFA5-DDDE-0EF7018E59FC7C95
50. National Center for Health Statistics. 1977–1987. “Natality, 1977-1987 (machine readable data file and documentation, CD-ROM Series)”, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland. nber.org/data/vital-statistics-natality-data.html
51. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). 2019. “Alcohol-Impaired Driving” Traffic Safety Facts. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812864
52. 1. Raphael, Steven and
    2. Rudolf Winter-Ebmer

    2001. “Identifying the Effect of Unemployment on Crime,” The Journal of Law & Economics 44(1):259–283 https://doi.org/10.1086/320275

    OpenUrlCrossRef
53. 1. Reyes, Jessica

    . 2007. “Environmental Policy as Social Policy? The Impact of Childhood Lead Exposure on Crime.” The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 7(1): 1–41.

    OpenUrl
54. 1. Schultz, Gunnar and
    2. Wendy Stock

    . 2022. “Disabled Children, Public Health Insurance, and Special Education Enrollment.” Working Paper, Montana State University.
55. 1. Schwartz, Aaron and
    2. Benjamin Sommers

    . 2014. “Moving for Medicaid? Recent Eligibility Expansions Did Not Induce Migration From Other States.” Health Affairs 33(1): 88–94.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
56. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program Populations. 1969-2017. (www.seer.cancer.gov/popdata), National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Surveillance Research Program, released December 2017. seer.cancer.gov/popdata/download.html#single
57. 1. Swanson, Jeffrey,
    2. Marvin Swartz,
    3. Susan Essock,
    4. Fred Osher,
    5. H. Ryan Wagner,
    6. Lisa Goodman,
    7. Stanley Rosenberg, and
    8. Keith Meador

    . 2002. “The Social-Environmental Context of Violent Behavior in Persons Treated for Severe Mental Illness.” American Journal of Public Health 92(9): 1523–1531.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
58. 1. Teplin, Linda,
    2. Karen Abram,
    3. Gary McClelland,
    4. Mina Dulcan, and
    5. Amy Mericle

    . 2002. “Psychiatric Disorders in Youth in Juvenile Detention.” Archives of General Psychiatry 59(12): 1133–1143.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
59. 1. Thompson, Owen

    . 2017. “The Long-Term Health Impacts of Medicaid and CHIP.” Journal of Health Economics 51(C): 26–40.

    OpenUrl
60. US Census Bureau. 2017. Projections of the Population by Alternative Immigration Scenario and Age Group for the Unitesd States: 2020–2060. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popproj/2017-alternative-summary-tables.html.
61. 1. Wen, Hefei,
    2. Jason Hockenberry, and
    3. Janet Cummings

    . 2017. “The Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Crime Reduction: Evidence from HIFA-Waiver Expansions.” Journal of Public Economics 154(October): 67–94.

    OpenUrl
62. 1. Wherry, Laura and
    2. Bruce Meyer

    . 2016. “Saving Teens: Using a Policy Discontinuity to Estimate the Effects of Medicaid Eligibility.” Journal of Human Resources 51(3): 556–588.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
63. 1. Wherry, Laura R.,
    2. Sarah Miller,
    3. Robert Kaestner, and
    4. Bruce D. Meyer

    . 2018. “Childhood Medicaid Coverage and Later-Life Health Care Utilization.” Review of Economics and Statistics 100(2): 287–302.

    OpenUrl
64. 1. Yelowitz, Aaron

    . 1998. “Will Extending Medicaid to Two-Parent Families Encourage Marriage?” Journal of Human Resources 33(4): 833–865.

    OpenUrl