The Interplay between Maternal Smoking and Genes in Offspring Birth Weight

References

1. 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. 2015. “A global reference for human genetic variation.” Nature, 526(7571):68–74.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
2. 1. Agrawal, Arpana,
   2. Andrew C Heath,
   3. Julia D Grant,
   4. Michele L Pergadia,
   5. Dixie J Statham,
   6. Kathleen K Bucholz,
   7. Nicholas G Martin, and
   8. Pamela AF Madden

   . 2006. “Assortative mating for cigarette smoking and for alcohol consumption in female Australian twins and their spouses.” Behavior Genetics, 36(4):553–566.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
3. 1. Aizer, Anna.

   2011. “Poverty, violence, and health the impact of domestic violence during pregnancy on newborn health.” Journal of Human Resources, 46(3):518–538.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
4. 1. Almond, Douglas and
   2. Janet Currie

   . 2011. “Killing me softly: The fetal origins hypothesis.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(3):153–72.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
5. 1. Almond, Douglas,
   2. Hilary W Hoynes, and
   3. Diane W Schanzenbach

   . 2011. “Inside the war on poverty: The impact of food stamps on birth outcomes.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(2):387–403.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
6. 1. Almond, Douglas,
   2. Janet Currie, and
   3. Valentina Duque

   . 2018. “Childhood circumstances and adult outcomes: Act II.” Journal of Economic Literature, 56(4):1360–1446.

   OpenUrl
7. 1. Almond, Douglas,
   2. Kenneth Y Chay, and
   3. David S Lee

   . 2005. “The costs of low birth weight.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(3):1031–1083.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
8. 1. Andrews, Isaiah,
   2. James H Stock, and
   3. Liyang Sun

   . 2019. “Weak instruments in instrumental variables regression: Theory and practice.” Annual Review of Economics, 11(1):727–753.

   OpenUrl
9. 1. Banderali, Giuseppe,
   2. Alma Martelli,
   3. Massimo Landi,
   4. Francesca Moretti,
   5. Francesca Betti,
   6. Guido Radaelli,
   7. Carlota Lassandro, and
   8. Elvira Verduci

   . 2015. “Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review.” Journal of Translational Medicine, 13(1):1–7.

   OpenUrl
10. 1. Barber, Sarah L and
    2. Paul J Gertler

    . 2008. “The impact of Mexico’s conditional cash transfer programme, oportunidades, on birthweight.” Tropical Medicine & International Health, 13(11):1405–1414.

    OpenUrl
11. 1. Barcellos, Silvia H,
    2. Leandro S Carvalho, and
    3. Patrick Turley

    . 2018. “Education can reduce health differences related to genetic risk of obesity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(42):E9765–E9772.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
12. 1. Beauchamp, Jonathan P,
    2. David Cesarini,
    3. Magnus Johannesson,
    4. Matthijs JHM van der Loos,
    5. Philipp D Koellinger,
    6. Patrick JF Groenen,
    7. James H Fowler,
    8. J Niels Rosenquist,
    9. A Roy Thurik, and
    10. Nicholas A Christakis

    . 2011. “Molecular genetics and economics.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(4):57–82.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
13. 1. Berrettini, Wade.

    2013. “Chapter 45 - Genetics of nicotine addiction”. In Biological Research on Addiction. Academic Press, San Diego,. ISBN 978-0-12-398335-0.
14. 1. Bharadwaj, Prashant,
    2. Julian V Johnsen, and
    3. Katrine V Løken

    . 2014. “Smoking bans, maternal smoking and birth outcomes.” Journal of Public Economics, 115(1):72–93.

    OpenUrl
15. 1. Bharadwaj, Prashant,
    2. Petter Lundborg, and
    3. Dan-Olof Rooth

    . 2018. “Birth weight in the long run.” Journal of Human Resources, 53(1):189–231.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
16. 1. Bierut, Laura and
    2. David Cesarini

    . 2015. “How genetic and other biological factors interact with smoking decisions.” Big Data, 3(3):198–202.

    OpenUrl
17. 1. Bierut, Laura Jean.

    2010. “Convergence of genetic findings for nicotine dependence and smoking related diseases with chromosome 15q24-25.” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 31(1):46–51.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
18. 1. Biroli, Pietro,
    2. Titus J Galama,
    3. Stephanie Von Hinke,
    4. Hans Van Kippersluis,
    5. Corenlius A Rietveld, and
    6. Kevin Thom

    . 2022. “The economics and econometrics of gene-environment interplay.” Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 2022-019/V. URL https://papers.tinbergen.nl/22019.pdf [Accessed on 16 June 2022].
19. 1. Black, Sandra E,
    2. Paul J Devereux, and
    3. Kjell G Salvanes

    . 2007. “From the cradle to the labor market? The effect of birth weight on adult outcomes.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(1):409–439.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. 1. Black, Sandra E,
    2. Paul J Devereux, and
    3. Kjell G Salvanes

    . 2016. “Does grief transfer across generations? bereavements during pregnancy and child outcomes.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(1):193–223.

    OpenUrl
21. 1. Boyd, Andy,
    2. Jean Golding,
    3. John Macleod,
    4. Debbie A Lawlor,
    5. Abigail Fraser,
    6. John Henderson,
    7. Lynn Molloy,
    8. Andrew R Ness,
    9. Susan M Ring, and
    10. George Davey Smith

    . 2013. “Cohort Profile: The ‘Children of the 90s’–the index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.” International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(1):111–127.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
22. 1. Bradford, David W.

    2003. “Pregnancy and the demand for cigarettes.” American Economic Review, 93(5):1752–1763.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
23. 1. Bycroft, Clare,
    2. Colin Freeman,
    3. Desislava Petkova,
    4. Gavin Band,
    5. Lloyd T Elliott,
    6. Kevin Sharp,
    7. Allan Motyer,
    8. Vukcevic Damjan,
    9. Olivier Delaneau,
    10. Jared O’Connell

    , et al. 2017. “Genome-wide genetic data on ~500,000 UK Biobank participants.” BioRxiv. URL https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166298v1. [Accessed on 16 June 2022].
24. 1. Chabris, Christopher F,
    2. James J Lee,
    3. David Cesarini,
    4. Daniel J Benjamin, and
    5. David I Laibson

    . 2015. “The fourth law of behavior genetics.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(4):304–312.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
25. 1. Conti, Gabriella,
    2. Mark Hanson,
    3. Hazel Inskip,
    4. Sarah Crozier,
    5. Cyrus Cooper, and
    6. Keith M Godfrey

    . 2018. “Beyond birthweight: The origins of human capital.” IZA Discussion Paper, 13296.
26. 1. Cunha, Flavio and
    2. James Heckman

    . 2007. “The technology of skill formation.” American Economic Review, 97(2):31–47.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
27. 1. Currie, Janet and
    2. Enrico Moretti

    . 2007. “Biology as destiny? short-and long-run determinants of intergenerational transmission of birth weight.” Journal of Labor Economics, 25(2):231–264.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
28. 1. Currie, Janet and
    2. Maya Rossin-Slater

    . 2013. “Weathering the storm: Hurricanes and birth outcomes.” Journal of Health Economics, 32(3):487–503.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 1. Currie, Janet.

    2009. “Healthy, wealthy, and wise: Socioeconomic status, poor health in childhood, and human capital development.” Journal of Economic Literature, 47(1):87–122.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
30. 1. Doyle, Mary-Alice,
    2. Stefanie Schurer, and
    3. Sven Silburn

    . 2022. “Unintended consequences of welfare reform: Evidence from birthweight of aboriginal children in Australia.” Journal of Health Economics, 84:102618:1–20.

    OpenUrl
31. 1. Dudbridge, Frank.

    2013. “Power and predictive accuracy of polygenic risk scores.” PLoS Genetics, 9(3):e1003348.

    OpenUrl
32. 1. Eimear E Kenny,
    2. Mikkel H Schierup,
    3. Philip L De Jager,
    4. Nikolaos A Patsopoulos,
    5. Steven A McCarroll,
    6. England, Lucinda J,
    7. Juliette S Kendrick,
    8. Paul M Gargiullo,
    9. S Christine Zahniser, and
    10. W Harry Hannon

    . 2001. “Measures of maternal tobacco exposure and infant birth weight at term.” American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(10):954–960.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
33. 1. Evans, William N and
    2. Jeanne S Ringel

    . 1999. “Can higher cigarette taxes improve birth outcomes?” Journal of Public Economics, 72(1):135–154.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
34. 1. Figlio, David,
    2. Jonathan Guryan,
    3. Krzysztof Karbownik, and
    4. Jeffrey Roth

    . 2014. “The effects of poor neonatal health on children’s cognitive development.” American Economic Review, 104(12):3921–55.

    OpenUrl
35. 1. Fletcher, Jason M.

    2012. “Why have tobacco control policies stalled? Using genetic moderation to examine policy impacts.” PLoS One, 7(12):e50576.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
36. 1. Fraser, Abigail,
    2. Corrie Macdonald-Wallis,
    3. Kate Tilling,
    4. Andy Boyd,
    5. Jean Golding,
    6. George Davey Smith,
    7. John Henderson,
    8. John Macleod,
    9. Lynn Molloy,
    10. Andy Ness

    , et al. 2013. “Cohort profile: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort.” International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(1):97–110.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
37. 1. Furberg, Helena,
    2. YunJung Kim,
    3. Jennifer Dackor,
    4. Eric Boerwinkle,
    5. Nora Franceschini,
    6. Diego Ardissino,
    7. Luisa Bernardinelli,
    8. Pier M Mannucci,
    9. Francesco Mauri,
    10. Piera A Merlini

    , et al. 2010. “Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior.” Nature Genetics, 42(5):441–447.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
38. 1. Hamilton, Barton H.

    2001. “Estimating treatment effects in randomized clinical trials with non-compliance: the impact of maternal smoking on birthweight.” Health Economics, 10(5):399–410.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
39. 1. Heckman, James J.

    2007. “The economics, technology, and neuroscience of human capability formation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(33):13250–13255.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
40. 1. Horikoshi, Momoko,
    2. Hanieh Yaghootkar,
    3. Dennis O Mook-Kanamori,
    4. Ulla Sovio,
    5. H Rob Taal,
    6. Branwen J Hennig,
    7. Jonathan P Bradfield,
    8. Beate St Pourcain,
    9. David M Evans,
    10. Pimphen Charoen

    , et al. 2013. “New loci associated with birth weight identify genetic links between intrauterine growth and adult height and metabolism.” Nature Genetics, 45(1):76–82.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
41. 1. Horikoshi, Momoko,
    2. Robin N Beaumont,
    3. Felix R Day,
    4. Nicole M Warrington,…, and
    5. Rachel M Freathy

    . 2016. “Genome-wide associations for birth weight and correlations with adult disease.” Nature, 538(7624):248–252.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
42. 1. Joubert, Bonnie R,
    2. Janine F Felix,
    3. Paul Yousefi,
    4. Kelly M Bakulski,
    5. Allan C Just,
    6. Carrie Breton,
    7. Sarah E Reese,
    8. Christina A Markunas,
    9. Rebecca C Richmond,
    10. Cheng-Jian Xu

    , et al. 2016. “Dna methylation in newborns and maternal smoking in pregnancy: genome-wide consortium meta-analysis.” American Journal of Human Genetics, 98(4):680–696.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
43. 1. Kataoka, Mariana C,
    2. Ana Carvalheira,
    3. Anna Ferrari,
    4. Maíra Malta,
    5. Maria Carvalhaes, and
    6. Cristina Parada

    . 2018. “Smoking during pregnancy and harm reduction in birth weight: a cross-sectional study.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1):1–10.

    OpenUrl
44. 1. Kidd, Jeffrey M,
    2. Gregory M Cooper,
    3. William F Donahue,
    4. Hillary S Hayden,
    5. Nick Sampas,
    6. Tina Graves,
    7. Nancy Hansen,
    8. Brian Teague,
    9. Can Alkan,
    10. Francesca Antonacci

    , et al. 2008. “Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes.” Nature, 453(7191):56–64.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
45. 1. Kim, Sungroul.

    2016. Overview of cotinine cutoff values for smoking status classification. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(12):1236.

    OpenUrl
46. 1. Kong, Augustine,
    2. Gudmar Thorleifsson,
    3. Michael L Frigge,
    4. Bjarni J Vilhjalmsson,
    5. Alexander I Young,
    6. Thorgeir E Thorgeirsson,
    7. Stefania Benonisdottir,
    8. Asmundur Oddsson,
    9. Bjarni V Halldorsson,
    10. Gisli Masson

    , et al. 2018. “The nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes.” Science, 359(6374):424–428.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
47. 1. Kramer, Michael S.

    1987a. “Intrauterine growth and gestational duration determinants.” Pediatrics, 80(4):502–511.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
48. 1. Kramer, Michael S.

    1987b. “Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 65(5):663–737.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
49. 1. Langone, John J,
    2. Hilda B Gjika, and
    3. Helen Van Vunakis

    . 1973. “Nicotine and its metabolites. Radio immunoassays for nicotine and cotinine.” Biochemistry, 12(24):5025–5030.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
50. 1. Lawlor, Deborah,
    2. Rebecca Richmond,
    3. Nicole Warrington,
    4. George McMahon,
    5. George Davey Smith,
    6. Jack Bowden, and
    7. David M Evans

    . 2017. “Using Mendelian randomization to determine causal effects of maternal pregnancy (intrauterine) exposures on offspring outcomes: Sources of bias and methods for assessing them.” Wellcome Open Research, 2(11):1–23.

    OpenUrl
51. 1. Lehrer, Steven F and
    2. Weili Ding

    . 2017. “Are genetic markers of interest for economic research?” IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 6(1):2.

    OpenUrl
52. 1. Li, Chang Qing,
    2. Richard A Windsor,
    3. Laura Perkins,
    4. Robert L Goldenberg, and
    5. John B Lowe

    . 1993. “The impact on infant birth weight and gestational age of cotinine-validated smoking reduction during pregnancy.” JAMA, 269(12):1519–1524.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
53. 1. Lien, Diana S and
    2. William N Evans

    . 2005. “Estimating the impact of large cigarette tax hikes the case of maternal smoking and infant birth weight.” Journal of Human Resources, 40(2):373–392.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
54. 1. Lindqvist, Rune,
    2. Lena Lendahls,
    3. Örjan Tollbom,
    4. Hans ÅBerg, and
    5. Anders Håkansson

    . 2002. “Smoking during pregnancy: comparison of self-reports and cotinine levels in 496 women.” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 81(3):240–244.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
55. 1. Liu, Jason Z,
    2. Federica Tozzi,
    3. Dawn M Waterworth,
    4. Sreekumar G Pillai,
    5. Pierandrea Muglia,
    6. Lefkos Middleton,
    7. Wade Berrettini,
    8. Christopher W Knouff,
    9. Xin Yuan,
    10. Gérard Waeber

    , et al. 2010. “Meta-analysis and imputation refines the association of 15q25 with smoking quantity.” Nature Genetics, 42(5):436–440.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
56. 1. Liu, Mengzhen,
    2. Yu Jiang,
    3. Robbee Wedow,
    4. Yue Li,
    5. David M Brazel,
    6. Fang Chen,
    7. Gargi Datta,
    8. Jose DavilaVelderrain,
    9. Daniel McGuire,
    10. Chao Tian

    , et al. 2019. “Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use.” Nature Genetics, 51(2):237–244.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
57. 1. Mark J Daly,
    2. Shaun M Purcell,
    3. Daniel I Chasman,
    4. Benjamin M Neale,
    5. Michael Goddard,
    6. Peter M Visscher,
    7. Mejdoubi, Jamila,
    8. Silvia CCM van den Heijkant,
    9. Frank JM van Leerdam,
    10. Matty Crone,
    11. Alfons Crijnen, and
    12. Remy A HiraSing

    . 2014. “Effects of nurse home visitation on cigarette smoking, pregnancy outcomes and breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial.” Midwifery, 30(6):688–695.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
58. 1. Mills, Melinda C,
    2. Nicola Barban, and
    3. Felix C Tropf

    . 2020. An Introduction to Statistical Genetic Data Analysis. MIT Press.
59. 1. Olea, José and
    2. Carolin Pflueger

    . 2013. “A robust test for weak instruments.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 31(3):358–369.

    OpenUrl
60. 1. Oyesanya, Olufunso A,
    2. Maria Teresa Zenzes,
    3. Peng Wang, and
    4. Robert F Casper

    . 1995. “Cigarette smoking may affect meiotic maturation of human oocytes.” Human Reproduction, 10(12):3213–3217.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
61. 1. Pazokitoroudi, Ali,
    2. Alec M Chiu,
    3. Kathryn S Burch,
    4. Bogdan Pasaniuc, and
    5. Sriram Sankararaman

    . 2021. “Quantifying the contribution of dominance deviation effects to complex trait variation in biobank-scale data.” American Journal of Human Genetics, 108(5):799–808.

    OpenUrl
62. 1. Persson, Petra and
    2. Maya Rossin-Slater

    . 2018. “Family ruptures, stress, and the mental health of the next generation.” American Economic Review, 108(4-5):1214–52.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
63. 1. Peter Kraft,
    2. Nick Patterson, and
    3. Alkes L Price

    . 2015. “Modeling Linkage Disequilibrium Increases Accuracy of Polygenic Risk Scores.” American Journal of Human Genetics, 97(4):576–592.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
64. 1. Polderman, Tinca JC,
    2. Beben Benyamin,
    3. Christiaan A De Leeuw,
    4. Patrick F Sullivan,
    5. Arjen Van Bochoven,
    6. Peter M Visscher, and
    7. Danielle Posthuma

    . 2015. “Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies.” Nature Genetics, 47(7):702–709.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
65. 1. Price, Alkes L,
    2. Nick J Patterson,
    3. Robert M Plenge,
    4. Michael E Weinblatt,
    5. Nancy A Shadick, and
    6. David Reich

    . 2006. “Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies.” Nature Genetics, 38(8):904–909.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
66. 1. Raffington, Laurel,
    2. Travis Mallard, and
    3. K Paige Harden

    . 2020. “Polygenic scores in developmental psychology: Invite genetics in, leave biodeterminism behind.” Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 2:389–411.

    OpenUrl
67. 1. Rietveld, Cornelius A,
    2. Dalton Conley,
    3. Nicholas Eriksson,
    4. Tõnu Esko,
    5. Sarah E Medland,
    6. Anna AE Vinkhuyzen,
    7. Jian Yang,
    8. Jason D Boardman,
    9. Christopher F Chabris,
    10. Christopher T Dawes

    , et al. 2014. “Replicability and robustness of genome-wide-association studies for behavioral traits.” Psychological Science, 25(11):1975–1986.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
68. 1. Ringel, Jeanne S and
    2. William N Evans

    . 2001. “Cigarette taxes and smoking during pregnancy.” American Journal of Public Health, 91(11):1851–1856.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
69. 1. Royer, Heather.

    2009. “Separated at girth: US twin estimates of the effects of birth weight.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(1):49–85.

    OpenUrl
70. 1. Rutter, Michael.

    2007. “Genes and Behavior: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained.” Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, UK. ISBN 9781405110617.
71. 1. Schmitz, Lauren L and
    2. Dalton Conley

    . 2017. “The effect of Vietnam-era conscription and genetic potential for educational attainment on schooling outcomes.” Economics of Education Review, 61(1):85–97.

    OpenUrl
72. 1. Sexton, Mary and
    2. J Richard Hebel

    . 1984 “A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight.” JAMA, 251(7):911–915.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
73. 1. Simon, David.

    2016. “Does early life exposure to cigarette smoke permanently harm childhood welfare? evidence from cigarette tax hikes.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(4):128–59.

    OpenUrl
74. 1. Slob, Eric and
    2. Cornelius A Rietveld

    . 2021. “Genetic predispositions moderate the effectiveness of tobacco excise taxes.” PloS ONE, 16(11):e0259210.

    OpenUrl
75. 1. Smith, George Davey,
    2. Debbie A Lawlor,
    3. Roger M Harbord,
    4. Nicholas J Timpson,
    5. Ian N M Day, and
    6. Shah Ebrahim

    . 2007. “Clustered environments and randomized genes: A fundamental distinction between conventional and genetic epidemiology.” PLoS Medicine, 4(12):e352.

    OpenUrl
76. 1. Smith, George Davey.

    2003. “Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?” International Journal of Epidemiology, 32(1):1–22.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
77. 1. Sutton, Graham C.

    1980. “Assortative marriage for smoking habits.” Annals of Human Biology, 7(5):449–456.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
78. 1. Tappin, David M,
    2. Rodney P Ford, and
    3. Philip J Schluter

    . 1997. “Smoking during pregnancy measured by population cotinine testing.” New Zealand Medical Journal, 110(1050):311–314.

    OpenUrlPubMed
79. 1. Tappin, David,
    2. Linda Bauld,
    3. David Purves,
    4. Kathleen Boyd,
    5. Lesley Sinclair,
    6. Susan MacAskill,
    7. Jennifer McKell,
    8. Brenda Friel,
    9. Alex McConnachie,
    10. Linda De Caestecker

    , et al. 2015. “Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial.” British Medical Journal, 350:h134:1–12.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
80. 1. Trejo, Sam.

    2020. “Exploring genetic influences on birth weight.” SocArXiv, doi:10.31235/osf.io/7j59q. URL https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/7j59q. [Accessed on 16 June 2022].

    OpenUrlCrossRef
81. 1. Turkheimer, Eric.

    2000. “Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(5):160–164.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
82. 1. Tyrrell, Jessica,
    2. Ville Huikari,
    3. Jennifer T Christie,
    4. Alana Cavadino,
    5. Rachel Bakker,
    6. Marie-Jo A Brion,
    7. Frank Geller,
    8. Lavinia Paternoster,
    9. Ronny Myhre,
    10. Catherine Potter

    , et al. 2012. “Genetic variation in the 15q25 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster (CHRNA5–CHRNA3–CHRNB4) interacts with maternal self-reported smoking status during pregnancy to influence birth weight.” Human Molecular Genetics, 21(24):5344–5358.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
83. 1. Van Kippersluis,
    2. Hans and
    3. Cornelius A Rietveld

    . 2018a. “Beyond plausibly exogenous.” Econometrics Journal, 21(3): 316–331.

    OpenUrl
84. 1. Van Kippersluis,
    2. Hans and
    3. Cornelius A Rietveld

    . 2018b. “Pleiotropy-robust mendelian randomization.” International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(4):1279–1288.

    OpenUrl
85. 1. Vilhjalmsson, Bjarni J,
    2. Jian Yang,
    3. Hilary Kiyo Finucane,
    4. Alexander Gusev,
    5. Sara Lindström,
    6. Stephan Ripke,
    7. Giulio Genovese,
    8. Po-Ru Loh,
    9. Gaurav Bhatia,
    10. Ron Do,
    11. Tristan Hayeck,
    12. Hong-Hee Won,
    13. Sekar Kathiresan,
    14. Michele Pato,
    15. Carlos Pato,
    16. Rulla Tamimi,
    17. Eli A Stahl,
    18. Noah Zaitlen,
    19. Bogdan Pasaniuc,
    20. Gillian Belbin,
    21. Eimear E Kenny,
    22. Mikkel H Schierup,
    23. Philip L De Jager,
    24. Nikolaos A Patsopoulos,
    25. Steven A McCarroll,
    26. Mark J Daly,
    27. Shaun M Purcell,
    28. Daniel I Chasman,
    29. Benjamin M Neale,
    30. Michael Goddard,
    31. Peter M Visscher,
    32. Peter Kraft,
    33. Nick Patterson, and
    34. Alkes L Price

    . 2015. “Modeling linkage disequilibrium increases accuracy of polygenic risk scores.” American Journal of Human Genetics, 97(4):576–592.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
86. 1. Vilhjalmsson, Bjarni J,
    2. Jian Yang,
    3. Hilary Kiyo Finucane,
    4. Alexander Gusev,
    5. Sara Lindström,
    6. Stephan Ripke,
    7. Visscher, Peter M,
    8. Naomi R Wray,
    9. Qian Zhang,
    10. Pamela Sklar,
    11. Mark I McCarthy,
    12. Matthew A Brown, and
    13. Jian Yang

    . 2017. “10 Years of GWAS Discovery: Biology, Function, and Translation.” American Journal of Human Genetics, 101(1):5–22.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
87. 1. Von Hinke, Stephanie,
    2. George Davey Smith,
    3. Debbie A Lawlor,
    4. Carol Propper, and
    5. Frank Windmeijer

    . 2016. “Genetic markers as instrumental variables.” Journal of Health Economics, 45(1):131–148.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
88. 1. Wang, Xiaobin,
    2. Barry Zuckerman,
    3. Colleen Pearson,
    4. Gary Kaufman,
    5. Changzhong Chen,
    6. Guoying Wang,
    7. Tianhua Niu,
    8. Paul H Wise,
    9. Howard Bauchner, and
    10. Xiping Xu

    . 2002. “Maternal cigarette smoking, metabolic gene polymorphism, and infant birth weight.” JAMA, 287(2):195–202.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
89. 1. Wang, Xiaobin,
    2. Ira B Tager,
    3. Helen Van Vunakis,
    4. Frank E Speizer, and
    5. John P Hanrahan

    . 1997. “Maternal smoking during pregnancy, urine cotinine concentrations, and birth outcomes. A prospective cohort study.” International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(5):978–988.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
90. 1. Warrington, Nicole, M,
    2. Robin N Beaumont,
    3. Momoko Horikoshi,
    4. Felix R Day,
    5. Øyvind Helgeland,
    6. Charles Laurin,
    7. Jonas Bacelis,
    8. Shouneng Peng,
    9. Ke Hao,
    10. Bjarke Feenstra

    , et al. 2019. “Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors.” Nature Genetics, 51(5):804–814.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
91. 1. Wehby, George L,
    2. Jason M Fletcher,
    3. Steven F Lehrer,
    4. Lina Moreno,
    5. Jeffrey C Murray,
    6. Allen Wilcox, and
    7. Rolv Lie

    . 2012. “A genetic instrumental variables analysis of the effects of prenatal smoking on birth weight: Evidence from two samples.” Biodemography and Social Biology, (1):3–32.
92. 1. Yang, Qian,
    2. Louise AC Millard, and
    3. George Davey Smith

    . 2020. “Proxy gene-by-environment mendelian randomization study confirms a causal effect of maternal smoking on offspring birthweight, but little evidence of long-term influences on offspring health.” International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(4):1207–1208.

    OpenUrl
93. 1. Young, Alexander I,
    2. Seyed Moeen Nehzati,
    3. Stefania Benonisdottir,
    4. Aysu Okbay,
    5. Hariharan Jayashankar,
    6. Chanwook Lee,
    7. David Cesarini,
    8. Daniel J Benjamin,
    9. Patrick Turley, and
    10. Augustine Kong

    . “Mendelian imputation of parental genotypes improves estimates of direct genetic effects.” 2022. Nature Genetics, 54(6):897–905.

    OpenUrl