A Thousand Cuts: Cumulative Lead Exposure Reduces Academic Achievement

References

1. 2009 Regional/State/Local Modeling Workshop. (2011) “Haul Road Workgroup Final Report,” Technical report.
2. 1. Aizer, Anna and
   2. Janet Currie

   (2019) “Lead and juvenile delinquency: new evidence from linked birth, school, and juvenile detention records,” Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 101, No. 4, pp. 575–587.

   OpenUrl
3. 1. Aizer, Anna,
   2. Janet Currie,
   3. Peter Simon, and
   4. Patrick Vivier

   (2018) “Do low levels of blood lead reduce children’s future test scores?” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 307–41.

   OpenUrl
4. 1. Anderson, Michael L.,
   2. Justin Gallagher, and
   3. Elizabeth Ramirez Ritchie

   (2018) “School meal quality and academic performance,” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 168, pp. 81–93.

   OpenUrl
5. 1. Anderson, Peter

   (2002) “Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood,” Child neuropsychology, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 71–82.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (2013) “Air Dispersion Modeling Guidelines for Arizona Air Quality Permits,”Technical report.
7. 1. Ashcraft, Mark H and
   2. Jeremy A Krause

   (2007) “Working memory, math performance, and math anxiety,” Psychonomic bulletin & review, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 243–248.

   OpenUrl
8. 1. Bau, Natalie and
   2. Jishnu Das

   (2020) “Teacher Value Added in a Low-Income Country,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 62–96.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
9. 1. Belson, Ken

   (2011) “Gentlemen, Start Conserving.”
10. 1. Billings, Stephen B. and
    2. Kevin T. Schnepel

    (2018) “Life after lead: Effects of early interventions for children exposed to lead,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 315–44.

    OpenUrl
11. 1. Canfield, Richard L.,
    2. Charles R. Henderson Jr.,
    3. Deborah A. Cory-Slechta,
    4. Christopher Cox,
    5. Todd A. Jusko, and
    6. Bruce P. Lanphear

    (2003) “Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 μg per deciliter,” New England journal of medicine, Vol. 348, No. 16, pp. 1517–1526.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
12. 1. Chetty, Raj,
    2. John N. Friedman,
    3. Nathaniel Hilger,
    4. Emmanuel Saez,
    5. Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and
    6. Danny Yagan

    (2011) “How does your kindergarten classroom affect your earnings? Evidence from Project STAR,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 126, No. 4, pp. 1593–1660.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. 1. Chetty, Raj,
    2. John N. Friedman, and
    3. Jonah E. Rockoff

    (2014a) “Measuring the Impacts of Teachers I: Evaluating Bias in Teacher Value-Added Estimates,” American Economic Review, Vol. 104, No. 9, pp. 2593–2632.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
14. 1. Chetty, Raj,
    2. John N. Friedman, and
    3. Jonah E. Rockoff

    (2014b) “Measuring the Impacts of Teachers II: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood,” American Economic Review, Vol. 104, No. 9, pp. 2633–2679.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
15. 1. Clay, Karen,
    2. Margarita Portnykh, and
    3. Edson Severnini

    (2021) “Toxic truth: Lead and fertility,” Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 975–1012.

    OpenUrl
16. 1. Clay, Karen,
    2. Werner Troesken, and
    3. Michael Haines

    (2014) “Lead and Mortality,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 96, No. 3, pp. 458–470.

    OpenUrl
17. 1. Currie, Janet,
    2. Lucas Davis,
    3. Michael Greenstone, and
    4. Reed Walker

    (2015) “Environmental Health Risks and Housing Values: Evidence from 1,600 Toxic Plant Openings and Closings,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 105, No. 2, pp. 678–709.

    OpenUrl
18. 1. Duncombe, William and
    2. John Yinger

    (2005) “How Much More Does a Disadvantaged Student Cost?” Economics of Education Review, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 513–532.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
19. 1. Ebenstein, Avraham,
    2. Victor Lavy, and
    3. Sefi Roth

    (2016) “The long-run economic consequences of high-stakes examinations: Evidence from transitory variation in pollution,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 36–65.

    OpenUrl
20. 1. Ferrie, Joseph P.,
    2. Karen Rolf, and
    3. Werner Troesken

    (2012) “Cognitive disparities, lead plumbing, and water chemistry: Prior exposure to water-borne lead and intelligence test scores among World War Two US Army enlistees,” Economics & Human Biology, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 98–111.

    OpenUrl
21. 1. Frisvold, David E.

    (2015) “Nutrition and cognitive achievement: An evaluation of the School Breakfast Program,” Journal of public economics, Vol. 124, pp. 91–104.

    OpenUrlPubMed
22. 1. Fryer, Jenna

    (2008) “Lower levels get hit a lot harder by skyrocketing fuel prices.”
23. 1. Fryer, Roland G. and
    2. Steven D. Levitt

    (2004) “Understanding the Black-White Test Score Gap in the First Two Years of School,” Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 447–464.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
24. 1. Fryer, Roland G. and
    2. Steven D. Levitt

    (2006) “The Black-White Test Score Gap Through Third Grade,” American Law and Economics Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 249–281.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
25. 1. Fryer, Roland G. and
    2. Steven D. Levitt

    (2010) “An empirical analysis of the gender gap in mathematics,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 210–40.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
26. 1. Gathercole, Susan E,
    2. Susan J Pickering,
    3. Benjamin Ambridge, and
    4. Hannah Wearing

    (2004) “The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age.,” Developmental psychology, Vol. 40, No. 2, p. 177.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
27. 1. Gazze, Ludovica

    (2022) “Hassles and Environmental Health Screenings: Evidence from Lead Tests in Illinois,” Journal of Human Resources, pp. 0221–11478R2.
28. 1. Gazze, Ludovica,
    2. Claudia Persico, and
    3. Sandra Spirovska

    (Forthcoming) “The Spillover Effects of Pollution: How Exposure to Lead Affects Everyone in the Classroom,” The Journal of Labor Economics.
29. 1. Grönqvist, Hans,
    2. J Peter Nilsson, and
    3. Per-Olof Robling

    (2020) “Understanding how low levels of early lead exposure affect children’s life trajectories,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 128, No. 9, pp. 3376–3433.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
30. 1. Grossman, Daniel S. and
    2. David J.G. Slusky

    (2019) “The impact of the Flint water crisis on fertility,” Demography, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 2005–2031.

    OpenUrl
31. 1. Hanushek, Eric A.

    (2020) “Education Production Functions,” in The Economics of Education: Elsevier, pp. 161–170.
32. 1. Hanushek, Eric A. and
    2. Steven G. Rivkin

    (2010) “Generalizations about Using Value-Added Measures of Teacher Quality,” American Economic Review, Papers & Proceedings, Vol. 100, No. 2, pp. 267–271.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
33. 1. Hill, Carolyn J.,
    2. Howard S. Bloom,
    3. Alison Rebeck Black, and
    4. Mark W. Lipsey

    (2008) “Empirical benchmarks for interpreting effect sizes in research,” Child development perspectives, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 172–177.

    OpenUrl
34. 1. Hollingsworth, Alex and
    2. Ivan Rudik

    (2021) “The effect of leaded gasoline on elderly mortality: Evidence from regulatory exemptions,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 345–73.

    OpenUrl
35. 1. Isen, Adam,
    2. Maya Rossin-Slater, and
    3. W Reed Walker

    (2017) “Every breath you take—every dollar you’ll make: The long-term consequences of the clean air act of 1970,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 125, No. 3, pp. 848–902.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
36. 1. Jackson, C Kirabo,
    2. Cora Wigger, and
    3. Heyu Xiong

    (2021) “Do school spending cuts matter? Evidence from the Great Recession,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 304–35.

    OpenUrl
37. 1. Jagnani, Maulik

    (Forthcoming) “Children’s sleep and human capital production,” The Review of Economics and Statistics.
38. 1. Jepsen, Christopher and
    2. Steven Rivkin

    (2009) “Class Size Reduction and Student Achievement: The Potential Tradeoff between Teacher Quality and Class Size,” Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 223–250.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
39. 1. Krueger, Alan B

    (1999) “Experimental estimates of education production functions,” The quarterly journal of economics, Vol. 114, No. 2, pp. 497–532.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
40. 1. Ladd, Helen F.

    (2012) “Education and Poverty: Confronting the Evidence,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 203–227.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
41. 1. Lanphear, Bruce P.,
    2. Richard Hornung,
    3. Jane Khoury,
    4. Kimberly Yolton,
    5. Peter Baghurst,
    6. David C. Bellinger,
    7. Richard L. Canfield,
    8. Kim N. Dietrich,
    9. Robert Bornschein,
    10. Tom Greene,
    11. Stephen J. Rothenberg,
    12. Herbert L. Needleman,
    13. Lourdes Schnaas,
    14. Gail Wasserman,
    15. Joseph Graziano, and
    16. Russell Roberts

    (2005) “Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: An international pooled analysis,” Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 113, No. 7, pp. 894–899.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
42. 1. Lanphear, Bruce P.,
    2. Stephen Rauch,
    3. Peggy Auinger,
    4. Ryan W. Allen, and
    5. Richard W. Hornung

    (2018) “Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study,” The Lancet Public Health, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. e177–e184.

    OpenUrl
43. 1. LeFevre, Jo-Anne,
    2. Diana DeStefano,
    3. Benjamin Coleman, and
    4. Tina Shanahan

    (2005) “Mathematical cognition and working memory..”
44. 1. Marcotte, Dave E

    (2017) “Something in the air? Air quality and children’s educational outcomes,” Economics of Education Review, Vol. 56, pp. 141–151.

    OpenUrl
45. 1. McConnell, Joseph R,
    2. Andrew I Wilson,
    3. Andreas Stohl,
    4. Monica M Arienzo,
    5. Nathan J Chellman,
    6. Sabine Eckhardt,
    7. Elisabeth M Thompson,
    8. A Mark Pollard, and
    9. Jørgen Peder Steffensen

    (2018) “Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, No. 22, pp. 5726–5731.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
46. 1. Morehouse, John and
    2. Edward Rubin

    (2021) “Downwind and out: The strategic dispersion of power plants and their pollution,” Available at SSRN 3915247.
47. 1. Ost, Ben,
    2. Anuj Gangopadhyaya, and
    3. Jeffrey C. Schiman

    (2017) “Comparing standard deviation effects across contexts,” Education Economics, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 251–265.

    OpenUrl
48. 1. Park, R Jisung

    (2022) “Hot Temperature and High-Stakes Performance,” Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 400–434.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
49. 1. Park, R. Jisung,
    2. Joshua Goodman,
    3. Michael Hurwitz, and
    4. Jonathan Smith

    (2020) “Heat and Learning,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 306–39.

    OpenUrl
50. 1. Rambachan, Ashesh and
    2. Jonathan Roth

    (2022) “A More Credible Approach to Parallel Trends.”
51. 1. Reardon, Sean F.

    (2018) The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor, 1st edition, pp. 177–189: Routledge.
52. 1. Reyes, Jessica Wolpaw

    (2015) “Lead exposure and behavior: effects on antisocial and risky behavior among children and adolescents,” Economic Inquiry, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 1580–1605.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
53. 1. Smith, David B.,
    2. William F. Woodruff,
    3. Laurel G. Solano,
    4. Federico Ellefsen, and
    5. J. Karl

    (2014) “Geochemical and mineralogical maps for soils of the conterminous United States.”
54. 1. Sorensen, Lucy C.,
    2. Ashley M. Fox,
    3. Heyjie Jung, and
    4. Erika G. Martin

    (2019) “Lead exposure and academic achievement: evidence from childhood lead poisoning prevention efforts,” Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 179–218.

    OpenUrl
55. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2009) “Dispersion Modeling for Lead (Pb) Sources,”Technical report.
56. U.S. Census Bureau (2017) “2017 Public Elementary-Secondary Education Finance Data.”
57. U.S. Centers for Disease Control (2019) “Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention: Data and Statistics.”
58. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2020) “Federal Register: Call for Information on the Integrated Science Assessment for Lead.”
59. 1. Widory, David,
    2. Geneviève Vautour, and
    3. Andre Poirier

    (2018) “Atmospheric dispersion of trace metals between two smelters: An approach coupling lead, strontium and osmium isotopes from bioindicators,” Ecological Indicators, Vol. 84, pp. 497–506.

    OpenUrl