Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • Request JHR at your library
  • Alerts
  • Free Issue
  • Special Issue
  • Other Publications
    • UWP

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Journal of Human Resources
  • Other Publications
    • UWP
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Journal of Human Resources

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • Request JHR at your library
  • Alerts
  • Free Issue
  • Special Issue
  • Follow uwp on Twitter
  • Follow JHR on Bluesky
Research ArticleArticles

How Do Mass Shootings Affect Community Wellbeing?

Aparna Soni and Erdal Tekin
Published online before print June 06, 2023, 1220-11385R1; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.1220-11385R1
Aparna Soni
Aparna Soni is an assistant professor of public administration and policy at American University and a research affiliate at the Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Erdal Tekin
Erdal Tekin is the Charles W. Fotis, Sr. & Dorothea G. Fotis Family Distinguished Professor in the School of Public Affairs at American University, a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and a research fellow at the Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

    1. Achat, Helen,
    2. Ichiro Kawachi,
    3. Avron Spiro,
    4. Deborah A. DeMolles, and
    5. David Sparrow
    . 2000. “Optimism and Depression as Predictors of Physical and Mental Health Functioning: The Normative Aging Study.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 22(2):127–30.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Agnich, Laura E.
    2015. “A Comparative Analysis of Attempted and Completed School-Based Mass Murder Attacks.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 40(1):1–22.
    OpenUrl
    1. Alexander, David A., and
    2. Susan Klein
    . 2005. “The Psychological Aspects of Terrorism: From Denial to Hyperbole.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 98(12):557–62.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Bjelopera, Jerome P.,
    2. Erin Bagalman,
    3. Sarah W. Caldwell,
    4. Kristin M. Finklea, and
    5. Gail McCallion
    . 2013. “Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Implications for Federal Public Health and Safety Policy.” Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf.
    1. Berkowitz, Bonnie,
    2. Adrian Blanco,
    3. Brittany Renee Mayes,
    4. Klara Auerbach, and
    5. Danielle Rindler
    . 2019. “More and Deadlier: Mass Shooting Trends in America.” Washington Post, August 5. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/08/05/more-deadlier-mass-shooting-trends-america/.
    1. Bharadwaj, Prashant,
    2. Manudeep Bhuller,
    3. Katrine V. Loken, and
    4. Mirjam Wentzell
    . 2021. “Surviving a Mass Shooting.” Journal of Public Economics 201:104469.
    OpenUrl
    1. Borusyak, Kirill,
    2. Xavier Jaravel, and
    3. Jann Spiess
    . 2022. “Revisiting Event Study Designs: Robust and Efficient Estimation.” Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2826228.
    1. Brodeur, Abel.
    2018. “The Effect of Terrorism on Employment and Consumer Sentiment: Evidence from Successful and Failed Terror Attacks.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10(4):246–82.
    OpenUrl
    1. Brodeur, Abel, and
    2. Hasin Yousaf
    . 2019. “The Economics of Mass Shootings.” Available at SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3483966
    1. Cameron, Donald, and
    2. Ian G. Jones
    . 1985. “An Epidemiological and Sociological Analysis of the Use of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs of Solace.” Journal of Public Health 7(1):18–29.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Cameron, A. Colin, and
    2. Douglas L. Miller
    . 2015. “A Practitioner’s Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference.” Journal of Human Resources 50(2):317–72.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2022. “Smoking and Cigarettes - Fast Facts and Fact Sheets.” Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm.
    1. Choi, Damee,
    2. Shotaro Ota, and
    3. Shigeki Watanuki
    . 2015. “Does Cigarette Smoking Relieve Stress? Evidence from the Event-Related Potential (ERP).” International Journal of Psychophysiology 98(3):470–76.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Cohen, Mark A.,
    2. Roland T. Rust,
    3. Sara Steen, and
    4. Simon T. Tidd
    . 2004. “Willingness-to-Pay for Crime Control Programs.” Criminology 42(1):89–110.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. de Chaisemartin, Clement, and
    2. Xavier d’Haultfoeuille
    . 2020. “Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.” American Economic Review 110(9):2964–96.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Deaton, Angus.
    2008. “Income, Health, and Well-Being Around the World: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 22(2):53–72.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Deb, Partha, and
    2. Anjelica Gangaram
    . 2021. “Effects of School Shootings on Risky Behavior, Health and Human Capital.” No. 28634. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 28634. Available at https://www.nber.org/papers/w28634.
    1. DiMaggio, Charles,
    2. Jacob Avraham,
    3. Cherise Berry,
    4. Marko Bukur,
    5. Justin Feldman,
    6. Michael Klein,
    7. Noor Shah,
    8. Manish Tandon, and
    9. Spiros Frangos
    . 2019. “Changes in US Mass Shooting Deaths Associated with the 1994–2004 Federal Assault Weapons Ban: Analysis of Open-Source Data.” Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 86(1): 11–19.
    OpenUrl
    1. Dursun, Bahadir.
    2019. “The Intergenerational Effects of Mass Shootings.” Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3474544.
    1. Evers, Kerry E.,
    2. James O. Prochaska,
    3. Patricia H. Castle,
    4. Janet L. Johnson,
    5. Janice M. Prochaska,
    6. Patricia L. Harrison,
    7. Elizabeth Y. Rula,
    8. Carter Coberley, and
    9. James E. Pope
    . 2012. “Development of an Individual Well-Being Scores Assessment.” Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice 2(1): 1–9.
    OpenUrl
    1. Flavin, Patrick.
    2018. “State Medicaid Expansion and Citizens’ Quality of Life.” Social Science Quarterly 99(2):616–25.
    OpenUrl
    1. Follman, Mark,
    2. Gavin Aronsen,
    3. Deanna Pan, and
    4. Maggie Caldwell
    . 2023. US Mass Shootings, 1982-2022: Data From Mother Jones’ Investigation. Available at: https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data.
    1. Freedy, John R., and
    2. William M. Simpson Jr.
    2007. “Disaster-Related Physical and Mental Health: A Role for the Family Physician.” American Family Physician 75(6):841–6.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Garcia-Bernardo, Javier,
    2. Hong Qi,
    3. James M. Shultz,
    4. Alyssa M. Cohen,
    5. Neil F. Johnson, and
    6. Peter Sheridan Dodds
    . 2018. “Social Media Appears to Affect the Timing, Location, and Severity of School Shootings.” USA Today 10(1), 100.
    OpenUrl
    1. Gavulic, Kyle A., and
    2. Gilbert Gonzales
    . 2020. “Did the Orlando Shooting at Pulse Nightclub Affect Sexual Minority Mental Health? Results and Challenges Using Population-Based Data.” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health 25(3):252–64.
    OpenUrl
    1. Gius, Mark.
    2015. “The Impact of State and Federal Assault Weapons Bans On Public Mass Shootings.” Applied Economics Letters 22(4):281–4.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Goldmann, Emily, and
    2. Sandro Galea
    . 2014. “Mental Health Consequences of Disasters.” Annual Review of Public Health 35:169–83.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Goodman-Bacon, Andrew.
    2021. “Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing.” Journal of Econometrics 225(2):254–77.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Gureje, Oye,
    2. Michael Von Korff,
    3. Gregory E. Simon, and
    4. Richard Gater
    . 1998. “Persistent Pain and Well-Being: A World Health Organization Study in Primary Care.” Journal of the American Medical Association 280(2): 147–51.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Haglund, Margaret E.M.,
    2. P.S. Nestadt,
    3. N.S. Cooper,
    4. S.M. Southwick, and
    5. D.S. Charney
    . 2007. “Psychobiological Mechanisms of Resilience: Relevance to Prevention and Treatment of Stress-Related Psychopathology.” Development and Psychopathology 19(3):889–920.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Helliwell, John F., and
    2. Robert D. Putnam
    . 2004. “The Social Context of Wellbeing.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Studies 359(1449): 1435–46.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Hudson, Nathan W,
    2. Ivana Anusic,
    3. Richard E. Lucas, and
    4. M. Brent Donnellan
    . 2020. “Comparing the Reliability and Validity of Global Self-Report Measures of Subjective Well-Being with Experiential Day Reconstruction Measures.” Assessment 27(1):102–16.
    OpenUrl
    1. Jetter, Michael, and
    2. Jay Walker
    . 2018. “The Effect of Media Coverage on Mass Shootings.” Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3286159.
    1. Kahneman, Daniel, and
    2. Angus Deaton
    . 2010. “High Income Improves Evaluation of Life But Not Emotional Well-Being.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(38), 16489–93.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Krouse, William J., and
    2. Daniel J. Richardson
    . 2015. “Mass Murder with Firearms: Incidents and Victims, 1999-2013.” Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44126.pdf.
    1. Kwon, Roy, and
    2. Joseph F. Cabrera
    . 2019. “Socioeconomic Factors and Mass Shootings in the United States.” Critical Public Health 29(2):138–45.
    OpenUrl
    1. Levine, Phillip B.,
    2. Tara A. Gustafson, and
    3. Ann D. Velenchik
    . 1997. “More Bad News for Smokers? The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Wages.” ILR Review 50(3):493–509.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Levine, Phillip B., and
    2. Robin McKnight
    . 2021. “Exposure to a School Shooting and Subsequent Wellbeing.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 28307. Available at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w28307.
    1. Lin, Ping I.,
    2. Lin Fei,
    3. Drew Barzman, and
    4. M. Hossain
    . 2018. “What Have We Learned from the Time Trend of Mass Shootings in the US?” PloS ONE 13(10):e0204722.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Loeppke, Ronald,
    2. Michael Taitel,
    3. Vince Haufle,
    4. Thomas Parry,
    5. Ronald C. Kessler, and
    6. Kimberly Jinnett
    . 2009. “Health and Productivity as a Business Strategy: A Multiemployer Study.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 411–28.
    1. Lowe, Sarah R., and
    2. Sandro Galea
    . 2015. “Posttraumatic Stress in the Aftermath of Mass Shootings.” Traumatic Stress and Long-Term Recovery: Coping with Disasters and Other Negative Life Events 91–111.
    1. Lowe, Sarah R., and
    2. Sandro Galea
    . 2017. “The Mental Health Consequences of Mass Shootings.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 18(1):62–82.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Luca, Michael,
    2. Deepak Malhotra, and
    3. Christopher Poliquin
    . 2020. “The Impact of Mass Shootings on Gun Policy.” Journal of Public Economics 181:104083.
    OpenUrl
    1. Makridis, Christos, and
    2. Michael Ohlrogge
    . 2018. “The Local Effects of Foreclosures.” Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2985827.
    1. Makridis, Christos Andreas.
    2019. “Do Right-to-Work Laws Work? Evidence on Individuals’ Well-Being and Economic Sentiment.” The Journal of Law and Economics 62(4):713–45.
    OpenUrl
    1. Miller, Ted R.,
    2. Mark A. Cohen, and
    3. Brian Wiersema
    . 1996. “Victim Costs and Consequences: A New Look. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. Available at: https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/victim-costs-and-consequences-new-look.
    1. Morton, Robert J.,
    2. and Hilts,
    3. Mark A.
    , eds. 2008. “Serial Murder: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators.” National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Available at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/AbstractDB/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=245787.
    1. Murray, Christopher J.L., and
    2. Alan D. Lopez
    . 1997. “Alternative Projections of Mortality and Disability by Cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study.” The Lancet 349(9064):1498–1504.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Murrell, Stanley A,
    2. Nicholas L. Salsman, and
    3. Suzanne Meeks
    . 2003. “Educational Attainment, Positive Psychological Mediators, and Resources for Health and Vitality in Older Adults.” Journal of Aging and Health 15(4):591–615.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Myers, David.
    1993. The Pursuit of Happiness. New York: Avon Books.
    1. Myers, David G., and
    2. Ed Diener
    . 1995. “Who is Happy?” Psychological Science 6(1):10–19.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Novotney, Amy.
    2018. “What Happens to the Survivors.” Monitor on Psychology 49(8):36–44.
    OpenUrl
    1. Pappa, Evi,
    2. Andresa Lagerborg, and
    3. Morten O. Ravn
    . (2019). “Does Economic Insecurity Really Impact on Gun Violence at US Schools?” Nature Human Behaviour 3:198–9.
    OpenUrl
    1. Porfiri, Maurizio,
    2. Raghu Ram Sattanapalle,
    3. Shinnosuke Nakayama,
    4. James Macinko, and
    5. Rifat Sipahi
    . 2019. “Media Coverage and Firearm Acquisition in the Aftermath of a Mass Shooting.” Nature Human Behaviour 3(9):913–21.
    OpenUrl
    1. Robinson, Michael D., and
    2. Gerald L. Clore
    . 2002. “Belief and Feeling: Evidence for an Accessibility Model of Emotional Self-Report.” Psychological Bulletin 128(6):934.
    1. Roeder, Oliver.
    2016. “The Phrase ‘Mass Shooting’ Belongs to the 21st Century.” FiveThirtyEight, January 21. Available at: http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/we-didnt-call-them-mass-shootings-until-the-21st-century.
    1. Roehrig, Charles.
    2016. “Mental Disorders Top the List of the Most Costly Conditions in the United States: $201 Billion.” Health Affairs 35(6):1130–5.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Rossin-Slater, Maya,
    2. Molly Schnell,
    3. Hannes Schwandt,
    4. Sam Trejo, and
    5. Lindsey Uniat
    . 2020. “Local Exposure to School Shootings and Youth Antidepressant Use.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(38):23484–9.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Sharkey, Patrick T.,
    2. Nicole Tirado-Strayer,
    3. Andrew V. Papachristos, and
    4. C. Cybele Raver
    . 2012. “The Effect of Local Violence on Children’s Attention and Impulse Control.” American Journal of Public Health 102(12):2287–93.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Sharkey, Patrick.
    2018. “The Long Reach of Violence: A Broader Perspective on Data, Theory, and Evidence on the Prevalence and Consequences of Exposure to Violence.” Annual Review of Criminology 1:85–102.
    OpenUrl
    1. Sharkey, Patrick, and
    2. Robert Sampson
    . 2015. “Violence, Cognition, and Neighborhood Inequality in America.” In Social Neuroscience: Brain, Mind, and Society, eds. Russell Schutt, Matcheri S. Keshavan, and Larry J. Seidman. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    1. Shultz, James M.,
    2. Siri Thoresen,
    3. Brian W. Flynn,
    4. Glenn W. Muschert,
    5. Jon A. Shaw,
    6. Zelde Espinel,
    7. Frank G. Walter,
    8. Joshua B. Gaither,
    9. Yanira Garcia-Barcena,
    10. Kaitlin O’Keefe, and
    11. Alyssa M. Cohen
    . 2014. “Multiple Vantage Points on the Mental Health Effects of Mass Shootings.” Current Psychiatry Reports 16(469).
    1. Sommers, Benjamin D.,
    2. Munira Z. Gunja,
    3. Kenneth Finegold, and
    4. Thomas Musco
    . 2015. “Changes in Self-reported Insurance Coverage, Access to Care, and Health Under the Affordable Care Act.” Journal of the American Medical Association 314(4):366–74.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Soni, Aparna, and
    2. Erdal Tekin
    . 2022. “Mass Shootings In The United States: Population Health Impacts And Policy Levers.” Health Affairs Health Policy Brief, September 15. Available at: doi:10.1377/hpb20220824.260250.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Sparrenberger, Felipe,
    2. F.T. Cichelero,
    3. A.M. Ascoli,
    4. F.P. Fonseca,
    5. G. Weiss,
    6. O. Berwanger,
    7. S.C. Fuchs,
    8. L.B. Moreira, and
    9. F.D. Fuchs
    . 2009. “Does Psychosocial Stress Cause Hypertension? A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.” Journal of Human Hypertension 23(1):12–19.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Stewart-Brown, Sarah.
    1998. “Emotional Wellbeing and its Relation to Health: Physical Disease May Well Result from Emotional Distress.” BMJ 317(7173):1608–9.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Sun, Liyang, and
    2. Sarah Abraham
    . 2021. “Estimating Dynamic Treatment Effects in Event Studies with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.” Journal of Econometrics 225(2): 175–99.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2017. “Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin: Mass Violence and Behavioral Health.” Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/dtac/srb-mass-violence-behavioral-health.pdf.
    1. Towers, Sherry,
    2. Andres Gomez-Lievano,
    3. Maryam Khan,
    4. Anuj Mubayi, and
    5. Carlos Castillo-Chavez
    . 2015. “Contagion in Mass Killings and School Shootings.” PLoS ONE 10(7):e0117259.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Unützer, Jürgen,
    2. Donald L. Patrick,
    3. Paula Diehr,
    4. Greg Simon,
    5. David Grembowski, and
    6. Wayne Katon
    . 2000. “Quality Adjusted Life Years in Older Adults with Depressive Symptoms and Chronic Medical Disorders.” International Psychogeriatrics 12(1):15–33.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. USA Today. 2018. “Explore the Data: U.S. Mass Killings Since 2006.” Behind the Bloodshed. Available at: https://www.gannett-cdn.com/GDContent/mass-killings/index.html#explore.
  4. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2014. “The Health Consequences of Smoking - 50 Years of Progress.” Available at: https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/50-years-of-progress-by-section.html.
    1. Van Praag, H. M.
    2004. “Can Stress Cause Depression?” Progress in NeuroPsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 28(5):891–907.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Wallace, Lacey N.
    2015. “Responding to Violence with Guns: Mass Shootings and Gun Acquisition.” The Social Science Journal 52(2):156–67.
    OpenUrl
    1. Watson, David, and
    2. Lee Anna Clark
    . 1991. “Self vs Peer Ratings of Specific Emotional Traits: Evidence of Convergent and Discriminant Validity.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60(6):927–40.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Webster, Daniel W.
    2017. “The True Effect of Mass Shootings on Americans.” Annals of Internal Medicine 166(10):749–50.
    OpenUrl
    1. Zafeiridou, Maria,
    2. Nicholas S. Hopkinson, and
    3. Nikolaos Voulvoulis
    . 2018. “Cigarette Smoking: An Assessment of Tobacco’s Global Environmental Footprint Across Its Entire Supply Chain.” Environmental Science & Technology 52(15):8087–94.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Journal of Human Resources: 60 (3)
Journal of Human Resources
Vol. 60, Issue 3
1 May 2025
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Journal of Human Resources.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
How Do Mass Shootings Affect Community Wellbeing?
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Journal of Human Resources
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Journal of Human Resources web site.
Citation Tools
How Do Mass Shootings Affect Community Wellbeing?
Aparna Soni, Erdal Tekin
Journal of Human Resources Jun 2023, 1220-11385R1; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.1220-11385R1

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
How Do Mass Shootings Affect Community Wellbeing?
Aparna Soni, Erdal Tekin
Journal of Human Resources Jun 2023, 1220-11385R1; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.1220-11385R1
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Licensure Tests and Teacher Supply
  • Closing the Gap Between Vocational and General Education?
  • Crossing Borders
Show more Articles

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • Mass shootings
  • Community wellbeing
  • mental health
  • I18
  • I31
UW Press logo

© 2025 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

Powered by HighWire