War-Driven Permanent Emigration, Sex Ratios, and Female Labor Force Participation

References

1. 1. Acemoglu, Daron,
   2. David H. Autor and
   3. David Lyle

   . 2004. “Women, War, and Wages: The Effect of Female Labor Supply on the Wage Structure at Midcentury.” Journal of Political Economy 112(3):497–551.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
2. 1. Adão, Rodrigo,
   2. Michael Kolesár and
   3. Eduardo Morales

   . 2019. “Shift-Share Designs: Theory and Inference.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 134(4):1949–2010.

   OpenUrl
3. 1. Airola, Jim.

   2008. “Labor Supply in Response to Remittance Income: The Case of Mexico.” Journal of Developing Areas 41(2):69–78.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
4. 1. Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina and
   2. Susan Pozo

   . 2006. “Migration, Remittances, and Male and Female Employment Patterns.” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 96(2):222–226.

   OpenUrl
5. 1. Angrist, Joshua D.

   2002. “How Do Sex Ratios Affect Marriage and Labor Markets? Evidence from America’s Second Generation.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(3):997–1038.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
6. 1. Angrist, Joshua D. and
   2. Alan B. Krueger

   . 2001. “Instrumental Variables and the Search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 15(4):69–85.

   OpenUrl
7. 1. Angrist, Joshua D. and
   2. Jörn-Steffen Pischke

   . 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
8. 1. Antman, Francisca M.

   2013. “The Impact of Migration on Family Left Behind.” In International Handbook on the Economics of Migration, eds. Amelie F. Constant and Klaus F. Zimmermann, 293–308. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
9. 1. Antunes, M. L. Marinho.

   1970. “Vinte Anos de Emigração Portuguesa : Alguns Dados e Comentários.” Análise Social 8(30/31):299–385.

   OpenUrl
10. 1. Attanasio, Orazio,
    2. Hamish Low and
    3. Virginia Sánchez-Marcos

    . 2008. “Explaining Changes in Female Labor Supply in a Life-Cycle Model.” American Economic Review 98(4):1517–52.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
11. 1. Azmat, Ghazala,
    2. Lena Hensvik and
    3. Olof Rosenqvist

    . 2022. “Workplace Presenteeism, Job Substitutability and Gender Inequality.” Journal of Human Resources. Forthcoming.
12. 1. Baganha, Maria Ioannis B.

    1994. “As Correntes Emigratórias Portuguesas no Século XX e o Seu Impacto na Economia Nacional.” Análise Social 29(128):959–980.

    OpenUrl
13. 1. Bailey, Martha J.

    2006. “More Power to the Pill: The Impact of Contraceptive Freedom on Women’s Life Cycle Labor Supply.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(1):289–320.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
14. 1. Barreto, António.

    2011. “Social Change in Portugal.” In Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society, and Culture, ed. António Costa Pinto, 193–223. 2^nd ed. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
15. 1. Becker, Gary S.

    1981. A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. 1. Boehnke, Jörn and
    2. Victor Gay

    . 2022. “The Missing Men: World War I and Female Labor Force Participation.” Journal of Human Resources 57(4):1209–1241.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
17. 1. Borusyak, Kirill and
    2. Peter Hull

    . 2020. “Non-Random Exposure to Exogenous Shocks: Theory and Applications.” NBER Working Paper No. 27845.
18. 1. Borusyak, Kirill,
    2. Peter Hull and
    3. Xavier Jaravel

    . 2022. “Quasi-Experimental Shift-Share Research Designs.” Review of Economic Studies 89(1):181–213.

    OpenUrl
19. 1. Brodeur, Abel and
    2. Lamis Kattan

    . 2022. “World War II, the Baby Boom, and Employment: County-Level Evidence.” Journal of Labor Economics 40(2):437–471.

    OpenUrl
20. 1. Cann, John Pearce.

    1996. Portuguese Counterinsurgency Campaigning in Africa 1961-1974: A Military Analysis. Ph.D. thesis. King’s College London, UK.
21. 1. Card, David.

    2009. “Immigration and Inequality.” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 99(2):1–21.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
22. 1. Cardoso, Ana Rute and
    2. Louis-Philippe Morin

    . 2023. “Male Scarcity Induced Technological Innovation and Female Employment.” Unpublished manuscript.
23. 1. Chaney, Rick.

    1986. Regional Emigration and Remittances in Developing Countries: The Portuguese Experience. New York, NY: Praeger.
24. 1. Chernozhukov, Victor and
    2. Christian Hansen

    . 2008. “The Reduced Form: A Simple Approach to Inference with Weak Instruments.” Economics Letters 100(1):68–71.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
25. 1. Clemens, Michael A. and
    2. David McKenzie

    . 2018. “Why Don’t Remittances Appear to Affect Growth?” Economic Journal 128(612):F179–F209.

    OpenUrl
26. 1. Clemens, Michael A. and
    2. Erwin R. Tiongson

    . 2017. “Split Decisions: Household Finance When a Policy Discontinuity Allocates Overseas Work.” Review of Economics and Statistics 99(3):531–543.

    OpenUrl
27. 1. Fernández, Raquel.

    2013. “Cultural Change as Learning: The Evolution of Female Labor Force Participation over a Century.” American Economic Review 103(1):472–500.

    OpenUrl
28. 1. Fernández, Raquel,
    2. Alessandra Fogli and
    3. Claudia Olivetti

    . 2004. “Mothers and Sons: Preference Formation and Female Labor Force Dynamics.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(4):1249–1299.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
29. 1. Flecha García, Consuelo.

    “Education in Spain: Close-up of Its History in the 20th Century.” Analytical Reports in International Education 4(1):17–42.
30. 1. Gay, Victor.

    2023. “The Intergenerational Transmission of World War I on Female Labour.” Economic Journal. Forthcoming.
31. 1. Gibson, John,
    2. David McKenzie and
    3. Steven Stillman

    . 2011. “The Impacts of International Migration on Remaining Household Members: Omnibus Results from a Migration Lottery Program.” Review of Economics and Statistics 93(4):1297–1318.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
32. 1. Goldin, Claudia D.

    1995. “The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History.” In Investment in Women’s Human Capital and Economic Development, ed. T. P. Schultz, 61–90. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
33. 1. Goldin, Claudia D.

    2006. “The Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women’s Employment, Education, and Family.” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 96(2):1–21.

    OpenUrl
34. 1. Goldin, Claudia D.

    2014. “A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter.” American Economic Review 104(4):1091–1119.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
35. 1. Goldin, Claudia D. and
    2. Claudia Olivetti

    . 2013. “Shocking Labor Supply: A Reassessment of the Role of World War II on Women’s Labor Supply.” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 103(3):257–262.

    OpenUrl
36. 1. Goldin, Claudia D. and
    2. Lawrence F. Katz

    . 2002. “The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women’s Career and Marriage Decisions.” Journal of Political Economy 110(4):730–770.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
37. 1. Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul,
    2. Isaac Sorkin and
    3. Henry Swift

    . 2020. “Bartik Instruments: What, When, Why, and How.” American Economic Review 110(8):2586–2624.

    OpenUrl
38. 1. Greenwood, Jeremy,
    2. Ananth Seshadri and
    3. Mehmet Yorukoglu

    . 2005. “Engines of Liberation.” Review of Economic Studies 72(1):109–133.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
39. 1. Grosjean, Pauline and
    2. Rose Khattar

    . 2019. “It’s Raining Men! Hallelujah? The Long-Run Consequences of Male-Biased Sex Ratios.” Review of Economic Studies 86(2):723–754.

    OpenUrl
40. 1. Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana Amyra.

    1984. “A Theory of Allocation of Time in Markets for Labour and Marriage.” Economic Journal 94(376):863–882.

    OpenUrl
41. 1. Grossbard-Shechtman, Shoshana Amyra.

    1993. On the Economics of Marriage: A Theory of Marriage Labor and Divorce. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
42. 1. Hanson, Gordon H.

    2007. “Emigration, remittances, and labor force participation in Mexico.” Integration and Trade Journal 11(27):73–103.

    OpenUrl
43. 1. Hensvik, Lena and
    2. Olof Rosenqvist

    . 2019. “Keeping the Production Line Running: Internal Substitution and Employee Absence.” Journal of Human Resources 54(1):200–224.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
44. 1. Hunt, Jennifer.

    2017. “The Impact of Immigration on the Educational Attainment of Natives.” Journal of Human Resources 52(4):1060–1118.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
45. International Labour Organization. 1969. International Standard Classification of Occupations. Revised 1968 ed. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization.
46. 1. Jaeger, David A,
    2. Joakim Ruist and
    3. Jan Stuhler

    . 2018. “Shift-Share Instruments and the Impact of Immigration.” NBER Working Paper No. 24285.
47. 1. Jäger, Simon and
    2. Jörg Heining

    . 2022. “How Substitutable Are Workers? Evidence from Worker Deaths.” NBER Working Paper No. 30629.
48. 1. James, William H.

    1987. “The Human Sex Ratio. Part 1: A Review of the Literature.” Human Biology 59(5):721–752.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
49. 1. Lafortune, Jeanne.

    2013. “Making Yourself Attractive: Pre-marital Investments and the Returns to Education in the Marriage Market.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5(2):151–178.

    OpenUrl
50. Minnesota Population Center. 2015. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International: Version 6.4 [Machine-readable database]. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.
51. 1. Olivetti, Claudia and
    2. Barbara Petrongolo

    . 2016. “The Evolution of Gender Gaps in Industrialized Countries.” Annual Review of Economics 8(1):405–434.

    OpenUrl
52. 1. Parazzini, Fabio,
    2. Carlo La Vecchia,
    3. Fabio Levi and
    4. Silvia Franceschi

    . 1998. “Trends in Male:Female Ratio Among Newborn Infants in 29 Countries from Five Continents.” Human Reproduction 13(5):1394–1396.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
53. 1. Pinto, António Costa.

    2011. “Twentieth-Century Portugal: An Introduction.” In Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society, and Culture, ed. António Costa Pinto, 1–54. 2^nd ed. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
54. Pordata. 2017. “Base de Dados Portugal Contemporâneo.” www.portdata.pt. Accessed: April 14, 2017.
55. Portugal, Estado Maior do Exército. 1968. Estudo sobre Problemas de Recrutamento. Lisboa, Portugal: Estado Maior do Exército.
56. Portugal, Estado Maior do Exército. 1988. Resenha Histórico-Militar das Campanhas de África (1961-1974). Vol. 1 2^nd ed. Lisboa, Portugal: Estado Maior do Exército.
57. Portugal, Instituto Nacional de Estatística. 1952. Recenseamento Geral da População. Lisboa, Portugal: Instituto Nacional de Estatística.
58. Portugal, Estado Maior do Exército. 2017a. “Distribution of active population by occupation and gender. In Census, 1960.” Available from www.ine.pt digital library. Accessed July 20, 2017.
59. Portugal, Estado Maior do Exército. 2017b. “Number of births by gender and district, 1900-1982. In Demographic Statistics, 1901 to 1925 and 1929 to 1982; Statistical Yearbook, 1900 and 1926 to 1928.” Available from www.ine.pt digital library. Accessed May 1-5, 2017.
60. Portugal, Ministério do Tabalho e da Segurança Social. 2005. Quadros de Pessoal. Lisboa, Portugal: Ministério do Tabalho e da Segurança Social. Data in magnetic media.
61. 1. Raphael, Steven.

    2013. “International Migration, Sex Ratios, and the Socioeconomic Outcomes of Nonmigrant Mexican Women.” Demography 50(3):971–991.

    OpenUrl
62. 1. Roodman, David,
    2. Morten Ørregaard Nielsen,
    3. James G. MacKinnon and
    4. Matthew D. Webb

    . 2019. “Fast and Wild: Bootstrap Inference in Stata Using boottest.” Stata Journal 19(1):4–60.

    OpenUrl
63. 1. Rose, Evan K.

    2018. “The Rise and Fall of Female Labor Force Participation During World War II in the United States.” Journal of Economic History 78(3):673–711.

    OpenUrl
64. 1. Roseneil, Sasha,
    2. Isabel Crowhurst,
    3. Tone Hellesund,
    4. Ana Cristina Santos and
    5. Mariya Stoilova

    . 2020. The Portuguese Intimate Citizenship Regime. London, UK: UCL Press.
65. TerraWeb. 2016. “Dos Veteranos da Guerra do Ultramar.” Available from http://ultramar.terraweb.biz/index_MortosGuerraUltramar_Portugal.htm. Accessed November 18, 2016.
66. 1. Teso, Edoardo.

    2019. “The Long-Term Effect of Demographic Shocks on the Evolution of Gender Roles: Evidence from the Transatlantic Slave Trade.” Journal of the European Economic Association 17(2):497–534.

    OpenUrl
67. World Bank. 2018. “Gender Statistics.” Available from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=gender-tatistics\#. Accessed May 10, 2018.
68. 1. Wozniak, Abigail and
    2. Thomas J. Murray

    . 2012. “Timing is Everything: Short-Run Population Impacts of Immigration in US Cities.” Journal of Urban Economics 72(1):60–78.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
69. 1. Yang, Dean.

    2008. “International Migration, Remittances and Household Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks.” Economic Journal 118(528):591–630.

    OpenUrl