Research ArticleArticles
Open Access

Improving Mental Health of Adolescent Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Causal Evidence from Life Skills Programming

Manisha Shah, Sarah Baird, Jennifer Seager, Benjamin Avuwadah, Joan Hamory, Shwetlena Sabarwal and Amita Vyas
Published online before print November 07, 2023, 1222-12707R2; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.1222-12707R2

References

    1. Abaluck, J.,
    2. Agha, L.,
    3. Chan Jr, D.C.,
    4. Singer, D.,
    5. Zhu, D.
    2020. “Fixed Misallocation with Guidelines: Awareness vs. Adherence. NBER Working Paper #27467.
    1. Alan, S.,
    2. Boneva, T., and
    3. Ertac, S.
    2019. “Ever Failed, Try Again, Succeed Better: Results from a Randomized Educational Intervention on Grit.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(3):1121–1162.
    OpenUrl
    1. Anderson, M.L.
    2008. “Multiple Inference and Gender Differences in the Effects of Early Intervention: A Reevaluation of the Abecedarian, Perry Preschool, and Early Training Projects.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 103(484): 1481–1495.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Andrew, A.,
    2. Krutikova, S.,
    3. Smarrelli, G., and
    4. Verma, H.
    2022. “Gender norms, violence and adolescent girls’ trajectories: Evidence from a field experiment in India.” Institute for Fiscal Studies Working Paper 22/41.
    1. Anum, A.,
    2. Adjorlolo, S., and
    3. Kugbey, N.
    2019. “Depressive symptomatology in adolescents in Ghana: Examination of psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 256:213–218.
    OpenUrl
    1. Ashraf, N.,
    2. Bau, N.,
    3. Low, C., and
    4. McGinn, K.
    2020. “Negotiating a Better Future: How Interpersonal Skills Facilitate Intergenerational Investment.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2):1095–1151.
    OpenUrl
    1. Athey, S., and
    2. Wager, S.
    2019. “Estimating Treatment Effects with Causal Forests: An Application.” Observational Studies, 5(2):37–51.
    OpenUrl
    1. Azzopardi, P.,
    2. Hijazi, Z.,
    3. Wulan, N.,
    4. Requejo, J.,
    5. Lai, J.,
    6. Carvajal-Velez, L.,
    7. Patton, G.
    2023. “Bringing a Wider Lens to Adolescent Mental Health: Aligning Measurement Frameworks With Multisectoral Actions,” Journal of Adolescent Health, 72: S9–S11.
    OpenUrl
    1. Baird, S.,
    2. de Hoop, J. and
    3. Özler, B.
    2013. “Income Shocks and Adolescent Mental Health,” Journal of Human Resources, 48(2):370–403.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Baird, S.,
    2. Bhutta, Z.,
    3. Abu Hamad, B.,
    4. Hamory Hicks, J.,
    5. Jones, N.,
    6. Muz, J.
    2019. “Do Restrictive Gender Attitudes and Norms Influence Physical and Mental Health during Very Young Adolescence? Evidence from Bangladesh and Ethiopia.” SSM-Population Health, 9:100480.
    OpenUrl
    1. Baird, S.,
    2. Özler, B.,
    3. Dell’Aira, C., and
    4. Us Salam, D.
    2020a. “Using Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy to Improve the Well-Being of Adolescent Girls.” Journal of Development Economics, Registered Report Phase 1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tc9_52GtcKhc1VZWvRd9IinaQmDvJRrH/view
    1. Baird S,
    2. Hicks J,
    3. Jones N,
    4. Woldehanna T,
    5. Yadete W.
    2020b. “Gender transformative programming to improve capabilities of young adolescents in Ethiopia: A cluster randomized control trial.” AEA RCT Registry. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.4024-1.1
    1. Bandiera, O.,
    2. Buehren, N.,
    3. Goldstein, M.,
    4. Rasul, I. and
    5. Smurra, A.
    2019. “The Economic Lives of Young Women in the Time of Ebola: Lessons from an Empowerment Program”” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8760.
    1. Bandiera, O.,
    2. Buehren, N.,
    3. Burgess, R.,
    4. Goldstein, M.,
    5. Gulesci, S.,
    6. Rasul, I and
    7. Sulaiman, M.
    2020a. “Wome’’s Empowerment in Action: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial in Africa”” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 12(1):210–59.
    OpenUrl
    1. Bandiera O.,
    2. Buehren, N.,
    3. Goldstein, M.,
    4. Rasul, I.,
    5. Smurra, A.
    2020b. “Do School Closures During an Epidemic have Persistent Effects? Evidence from Sierra Leone in the Time of Ebola” Working Paper.
    1. Banerjee, A.,
    2. Duflo, E.,
    3. Goldberg, N.,
    4. Karlan, D.,
    5. Osei, R.,
    6. Pariente, W.,
    7. Shapiro, J.,
    8. Thuysbaert, B., and
    9. Udry, C.
    2015. “A Multifaceted Program Causes Lasting Progress for the Very Poor: Evidence from Six Countries.” Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 348(6236): 1260799–1260799.
    OpenUrl
    1. Barry, M.M.,
    2. Clarke, A.M.,
    3. Jenkins, R.,
    4. Patel, V.
    2013. “A systematic review of the effectiveness of mental health promotion interventions for young people in low and middle income countries.” BMC Public Health, 13(1):835.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Beattie, T.S.,
    2. Prakash, R.,
    3. Mazzuca, A.,
    4. Kelly, L.,
    5. Javalkar, P.,
    6. Raghavendra, T.,
    7. Ramanaik, S.,
    8. Collumbien, M.,
    9. Moses, S.,
    10. Heise, L.,
    11. Isac, S., and
    12. Watts, C.
    2019. “Prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among 13-14 year old adolescent girls in North Karnataka, South India: A cross-sectional study.” BMC Public Health, 19(1): 48.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Beck, A.T.
    1976. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
    1. Blum RW,
    2. Astone NM,
    3. Decker MR,
    4. Mouli VC.
    2014. “A conceptual framework for early adolescence: a platform for research,” Int J Adolesc Med Health, 26(3):321–31.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Bøe, T.,
    2. Øverland, S.,
    3. Lundervold, A., and
    4. Hysinng, M.
    2012. “Socioeconomic status and children’s mental health: results from the Bergen Child Study.” Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 47:1557–1566.
    OpenUrl
    1. Bøe, T.,
    2. Dearing, E.,
    3. Stormark, K.M.,
    4. Zachrisson, H.D.
    2018. “Subjective Economic Status in Adolescence and Associations with Mental Health in the Hordaland Study.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 39: 232–336.
    OpenUrl
    1. Boxho, C.,
    2. Kanga, D.,
    3. Koussoubé, E.,
    4. Rouanet, L., and
    5. Boulhane, O.
    2023. “Empowering Adolescent Girls through Safe Spaces and Accompanying Measures in Cote d’Ivoire.” Mimeo.
    1. Buchman, N.,
    2. Field, E.,
    3. Glennerster, R.,
    4. Shahana, N.,
    5. Pimkina, S., and
    6. Sen, I.
    2022. “Power or Money: alternative Approaches to Reducing Child Marriage in Bangladesh, a Randomized Control Trial.” Working Paper.
    1. Buehren, N.,
    2. Goldstein, M.,
    3. Gulesci, S.,
    4. Sulaiman, M., and
    5. Yam., V.
    2017. “Evaluation of an Adolescent Development Program for Girls in Tanzania.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7961.
    1. Campbell, O.L.K.,
    2. Bann, D., and
    3. Patalay, P.
    2021. “The gender gap in adolescent mental health: A cross-national investigation of 566,829 adolescents across 73 countries,” SSM - Population Health, 13.
    1. Carvajal, L.,
    2. Ahs, J.W.,
    3. Requejo, J.H.,
    4. Kieling, C.,
    5. Lundin, A.,
    6. Kumar, M.,
    7. Luitel, N.P.,
    8. Marlow, M.,
    9. Skeen, S.,
    10. Tomlinson, M.,
    11. Kohrt, B.A.
    2022. “Measurement of Mental Health Among Adolescents at the Population Level: A Multicountry Protocol for Adaptation and Validation of Mental Health Measures.” Journal of Adolescent Health, ISSN 1054-139X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.11.035.
    1. Chernozhukov, V. and
    2. Semenova, V.
    2018. “Simultaneous inference for Best Linear Predictor of the Conditional Average Treatment Effect and other structural functions,” CeMMAP working papers CWP40/18, Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    1. Cobb-Clark, D.A.
    2015. “Locus of control and the labor market.” IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 4(3).
    1. Currie, Janet and
    2. Mark Stabile
    . “Child Mental Health and Human Capital Accumulation: The Case of ADHD,” Journal of Health Economics, 25 #6, Nov. 2006, 1094–1118.
    1. Currie, Janet,
    2. Mark Stabile,
    3. Phongsack Manivong, and
    4. Leslie Roos
    . “Child Health and Young Adult Outcomes,” Journal of Human Resources, 45 #3, Summer 2010, 517–548.
    1. Dardas, L.A.,
    2. van de Water, B., and
    3. Simmons, L.A.
    2018. “Parental involvement in adolescent depression interventions: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.” International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27:550–570.
    OpenUrl
    1. Davis, J.M.V., and
    2. Heller, S.B.
    2020. “Rethinking the Benefits of Youth Employment Programs: The Heterogeneous Effects of Summer Jobs.” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 102(4), pp. 664–677.
    OpenUrl
  34. Demographic and Health Survey. 2022. STATcompiler database. https://www.statcompiler.com/en/
    1. Dhar, D.,
    2. Jain, T., and
    3. Jayachandran, S.
    2022. “Reshaping Adolescents’ Gender Attitudes: Evidence from a School-Based Experiment in India” American Economic Review, 112(3):899–927.
    OpenUrl
    1. Doran, G.T.
    1981. “There’s a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management’s goals and objectives.” Management Review, 70(11):35–36.
    OpenUrl
    1. Dweck, C. S.
    2006. Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Random House.
    1. Edmonds, E.,
    2. Feigenberg, B.,
    3. Leight, J.
    2023. “Advancing the Agency of Adolescent Girls.” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 105(4): 1–15.
    OpenUrl
    1. Evans, D.K.,
    2. Yuan, F.
    2022. “What We Learn about Girls’ Education from Interventions That Do Not Focus on Girls.” The World Bank Economic Review, 36(1):244–267.
    OpenUrl
    1. Falb K.L.,
    2. Tanner, S.,
    3. Ward, L.,
    4. Erksine, D.,
    5. Noble, E.,
    6. Asham, A.,
    7. Bakomere, T.,
    8. Graybill, E.,
    9. Lowry, C.,
    10. Mallinga, P.,
    11. Neiman, Al,
    12. Poulton, C.,
    13. Robinette, K.,
    14. Sommer, M., and
    15. Stark, L.
    2016. “Creating opportunities through mentorship, parental involvement, and safe spaces (COMPASS) program: multi-country study protocol to protect girls from violence in humanitarian settings.” BMC Public Health. 16(1): 231.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Fernald L.C.,
    2. Gertler P.J.,
    3. Neufeld, L.M.
    2009. “10-year effect of oportunidades, Mexico’s conditional cash transfer programme, on child growth, cognition, language, and behaviour: A longitudinal follow-up study.” The Lancet, 374(9706):1997–2005.
    OpenUrl
    1. Filmer, D., and
    2. Pritchett, L. H.
    2001. Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data-or Tears: An Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India. Demography, 38(1): 115–132.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. GAGE consortium 2019. Gender and adolescence. Why understanding adolescent capabilities, change strategies and contexts matters. Second Edition. London: Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence.
    1. Gaudiano, B.A.
    2008. “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies: Achievements and Challenges.” Evidence Based Mental Health, 11(1):5–7.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Grealish, A.,
    2. Tai, S.,
    3. Hunter, A.,
    4. Emsley, R.,
    5. Murrells, T., &
    6. Morrison, A. P.
    (2017). “Does empowerment mediate the effects of psychological factors on mental health, well-being, and recovery in young people?.” Psychology and psychotherapy, 90(3), 314–335.
    OpenUrl
    1. Guglielmi, S.,
    2. Mitu, K. and
    3. Seager, J.
    2021. “‘I Just Keep Quiet’: Addressing the Challenges of Married Rohingya Girls and Creating Opportunities for Change.” European Journal of Development Research, 33:1232–1251.
    OpenUrl
    1. Gureje, O., and
    2. Oladeji, B.O.
    2022. “Quality care for people with severe mental disorders in low-resource settings.” The Lancet Psychiatry, 9(1): 3–5.
    OpenUrl
    1. Haberland, N.A.,
    2. McCarthy, K.J.,
    3. Brady, M.
    2018. “A Systematic Review of Adolescent Girl Program Implementation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Evidence Gaps and Insights.” Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(1):18–31.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Haerpfer, C.,
    2. Inglehart, R.,
    3. Moreno, A.,
    4. Welzel, C.,
    5. Kizilova, K.,
    6. Diez-Medrano J.,
    7. M. Lagos,
    8. P. Norris,
    9. E. Ponarin &
    10. B. Puranen
    et al. (eds.). 2020. World Values Survey: Round Seven – CountryPooled Datafile. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat.
    1. Hale, D.R.,
    2. Bevilacqua, L.,
    3. Viner, R.M.
    2015. “Adolescent Health and Adult Education and Employment: A Systematic Review.” Pediatrics, 136(1):128–40.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Heckman, J.J.,
    2. Stixrud, J. &
    3. Urzua, S.
    2006. “The Effects of Cognitive and Noncognitive abilities on Labor Market Outcomes and Social Behavior.” Journal of Labor Economics, 24(3):411–82.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Kabeer, N.
    2003. Making rights work for the poor: Nijera Kori and the construction of ‘collective capabilities’ in rural Bangladesh. Working Paper 200. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
    1. Kapungu, C., and
    2. Petroni, S.
    2017. Understanding and tackling the gendered drivers of poor adolescent mental health. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women.
    1. Kling, J.R.,
    2. Liebman, J.B., and
    3. Katz, L.F.
    2007. “Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects.” Econometrica, 75(1): 83–119.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Koenig, L.,
    2. Blum, R.,
    3. Shervington, D.,
    4. Green, J,
    5. Li, M.,
    6. Tabana, H.,
    7. Moreau, C.
    2021. “Unequal Gender Norms Are Related to Symptoms of Depression Among Young Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study”, Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(1):S47–S55.
    OpenUrl
    1. Krishnan, P., and
    2. Krutikova, S.
    2012. “Noncognitive Skill Formation in Poor Neighborhoods of Urban India.” Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 1010.
    1. Kroenke, K.,
    2. Spitzer, R.L., and
    3. Williams, J.B.
    2001. “The PHQ-9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure.” Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16:606–613.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Kroenke, K.,
    2. Spitzer, R.L., and
    3. Williams, J.B.
    2003. “The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener.” Med Care, 41(11): 1284–92.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Layne, C.M.,
    2. Saltzman, W.R.,
    3. Poppleton, L.
    , et al. 2008. “Effectiveness of a School-Based Group Psychotherapy Program for War-Exposed Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(9):1048–1062.
    OpenUrl
    1. Leventhal KS,
    2. Cooper PL,
    3. DeMaria LM,
    4. Priyam, P,
    5. Shanker, H,
    6. Andrew, G, &
    7. Leventhal, S.
    2022. “Promoting wellbeing and empowerment via Youth First: Exploring psychosocial outcomes of a school-based resilience intervention in Bihar, India.” Front Psychiatry. 13:1021892.
    OpenUrl
    1. Liebenberg, L.,
    2. Ungar, M., and
    3. LeBlanc, J.C.
    2013. “The CYRM-12: A Brief Measure of Resilience.” Canadian Journal of Public Health, 104(2):e131–e135.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Lochman, J.E.,
    2. Powell, N.P.,
    3. Boxmeyer, C.L.,
    4. Jimenez-Camargo, L.
    2011. “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Externalizing Disorders in Children and Adolescents.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20(2):305–318.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Manwell LA,
    2. Barbic SP,
    3. Roberts K,
    4. Durisko Z,
    5. Lee C,
    6. Ware E,
    7. McKenzie K.
    2015. What is mental health? Evidence towards a new definition from a mixed methods multidisciplinary international survey. BMJ Open. Jun 2;5(6):e007079. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007079.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Mascayano, F.,
    2. Armijo, J.E., and
    3. Yang, L.H.
    2015. “Addressing stigma relating to mental health in low- and middle-income countries.” Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6(38).
    1. Mazzuca, A.,
    2. Nagarchi, D.,
    3. Ramanaik, S.,
    4. Raghavendra, T.,
    5. Javalkar, P.,
    6. Rotti, S.,
    7. Bhattarcharjee, P.,
    8. Isac, S.,
    9. Cohen, A.,
    10. Beattie, T.
    2019. “Developing a Mental Health Measurement Strategy to Capture Psychological Problems among Lower Caste Adolescent Girls in Rural, South India.” Transcultural Psychiatry, 56(1):24–47.
    OpenUrl
    1. Mekuria, F.,
    2. Sprinkel, A, and
    3. Cowan, E.
    2018. Social Analysis and Action Global Implementation Manual. Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Inc. (CARE).
    1. Miller-Graff, L.E. and
    2. Cummings, E.M.
    2022. “Supporting Youth and Families in Gaza: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Family-Based Intervention Program.” IJERPH, 19(14):8337.
    OpenUrl
    1. Musumari, P.M.,
    2. Tangmunkongvorakul, A.,
    3. Srithanaviboonchai, K.,
    4. Techasrivichien, T.,
    5. Suguimoto, S.P.,
    6. Ono-Kihara, M.,
    7. Kihara, M.
    2018. “Grit is associated with lower level of depression and anxiety among university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand: A cross-sectional study.” PLoS One, 13(12):e0209121.
    OpenUrl
    1. Nussbaum, M.
    2011. Creating capabilities: the human development approach. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    1. Orth, Z.,
    2. Moosajee, F.,
    3. Van Wyk, B.
    2022. “Measuring Mental Wellness of Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Instruments.” Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
    1. Patel, V.
    2013. “Reducing the burden of depression in youth: What are the implications of neuroscience and genetics on policies and programs?” Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(2):S36–8.
    OpenUrl
    1. Patel, V.
    2018 “Acting early: the key to preventing mental health problems.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 111(5):153–157.
    OpenUrl
    1. Paunesku, D.,
    2. Walton, G.,
    3. Romero, C.,
    4. Smith, E.,
    5. Yeager, D., and
    6. Dweck, C.
    2015. “Mind-set Interventions are a Scalable Treatment for Academic Underachievement”, Psychology Science, 26(6):784–93.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Pearlin, Leonard I. and
    2. Carmi Schooler
    . 1978. “The Structure of Coping.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19(1):2–21.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Pollard, E.L.,
    2. Lee, P.D.
    2003. Child Well-being: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Social Indicators Research 61, 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021284215801
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Reiss, F.
    2013. “Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review.” Social Science and Medicine, 90:24–31.
    OpenUrl
    1. Renwick, L.,
    2. Pedley, R.,
    3. Johnson, I.,
    4. Bell, V.,
    5. Lovell, K.,
    6. Bee, P.,
    7. Brooks, H.
    2022. “Conceptualisations of positive mental health and wellbeing among children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and narrative synthesis.” Health Expectations, 25(1):61–79.
    OpenUrl
    1. Richter, L.M.,
    2. Ahun, M.N.,
    3. Besharati, S.,
    4. Naicker, S.N.,
    5. Orri, M.
    2021. “Adolescent Mental Health Problems and Adult Human Capital: Findings From the South African Birth to Twenty Plus Cohort at 28 Years of Age.” Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(5):782–789.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Seager, J.,
    2. Asaduzzaman, T.M.,
    3. Baird, S.,
    4. Guglielmi, S.,
    5. Faiz Rashid, S.,
    6. Jones, N.,
    7. Sabarwal, S.,
    8. Sultan, M.,
    9. Vyas, A.
    2022. “Improving Education and Gender Attitudes: A cluster RCT of Growth Mindset and Girl Rising among Adolescents in Bangladesh.” AEA RCT Registry. https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.9214-1.1
    1. Sen, A.
    1984. Commodities and Capabilities. Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    1. Sen, A.
    2004. “Capabilities, lists, and public reason: Continuing the conversation.” Feminist Economics, 10(3):77–80.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Shah M., and
    2. Seager J
    . 2021. “Promoting safe sex among adolescents in Tanzania.” AEA RCT Registry. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.1305-6.3
    1. Shah M.,
    2. Seager J.,
    3. Montalvao J.,
    4. Goldstein M.
    2023. “Sex, Power, and Adolescence: Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Behaviors.” NBER Working Paper 31624.
    1. Singla, D.R.,
    2. Waqas, A.,
    3. Hamdani, S.U.,
    4. Suleman, N.,
    5. Zafar, S.W.,
    6. Zill-e-Huma,
    7. Saeed, K.,
    8. Servili, C., and
    9. Rahman, A.
    2020. “Implementation and effectiveness of adolescent life skills programs in low- and middle-income countries: A critical review and meta-analysis.” Behaviour Research and Therapy, 130:103402.
    OpenUrl
    1. Smith, J.P., and
    2. Smith, G.C.
    2010. “Long-term economic costs of psychological problems during childhood.” Social Science and Medicine, 71(1): 110–115.
    OpenUrl
    1. Solmi, M.,
    2. Radua, J.,
    3. Olivola, M.
    et al. 2022. “Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies.” Molecular Psychiatry 27: 281–295.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Ssewamala F.M.,
    2. Han C.,
    3. Neilands, T.B.
    2009. “Asset ownership and health and mental health functioning among AIDS-orphaned adolescents: Findings from a randomized clinical trial in rural Uganda.” Social Science and Medicine, 69(2):191–8.
    OpenUrl
    1. Swift, C.,
    2. Levin, G.
    1987. “Empowerment: An Emerging Mental Health Technology.” Journal of Primary Prevention, 8(1&2):71–94.
    OpenUrl
    1. Tait, R.J.,
    2. French, D.J., &
    3. Hulse, G.K.
    2003. “Validity and Psychometric Properties of the General Health Questionnaire-12 in Young Australian Adolescents.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(3): 374–381.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Temin, M. and
    2. Heck, C.J.
    2020. “Close to home: evidence on the impact of community-based girl groups”. Global Health: Science and Practice, 8(2): 300–324.
    OpenUrl
    1. Tibshirani, J.,
    2. Athey, S.,
    3. Friedberg, R.,
    4. Hadad, V.,
    5. Hirshberg, D.,
    6. Miner, L.,
    7. Sverdrup, E.,
    8. Wager, S., and
    9. Wright, M.
    2023. “Generalized Random Forests: Package ‘grf’.” Available at https://github.com/grf-labs/grf.
  92. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2020. http://uis.unesco.org/
  93. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2022. World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition.
    1. Urminsky, O.,
    2. Hansen, C.,
    3. Chernozhukov, V.
    2016. Using double-lasso regression for principled variable selection. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2733374
    1. Viner RM,
    2. Allen NB,
    3. Patton GC.
    2017. “Puberty, Developmental Processes, and Health Interventions.” In: Bundy DAP, Silva ND, Horton S, Jamison DT, Patton GC, editors. Child and Adolescent Health and Development. 3rd ed. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /The World Bank.
    1. Vyas, A. N.,
    2. Nagaraj, N.,
    3. Genovese, J.,
    4. Malhotra, G.,
    5. Dubey, N.,
    6. Hingorani, R., and
    7. Manning, L.
    2020. “The Girl Rising ‘We Dream, We Rise’ Social Media Campaign in India: Reach, Engagement and Impact.” Journal of Creative Communications 15(1):106–124.
    OpenUrl
  97. WHO. 2021. “Adolescent Mental health. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health.
  98. WHO. 2022. World mental health report: transforming mental health for all. Geneva: World Health Organization.
    1. Yeager, D. S., and
    2. Dweck, C. S.
    2012. “Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed.” Educational Psychologist 47, 302–314. https://doi:10.1080/00461520.2012722805
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Zhou, W.,
    2. Ouyang, F.,
    3. Nergui, O.E.,
    4. Bangura, J.B.,
    5. Acheampong, K.,
    6. Massey, I.Y.,
    7. Xiao, S.
    2020. “Child and Adolescent Mental Health Policy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Challenges and Lessons for Policy “Development and Implementation.” Front Psychiatry, 11:150.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Zimmerman, A.,
    2. Garman, E.,
    3. Avendano-Pabon, M.,
    4. Araya, R.,
    5. Evans-Lacko, S.,
    6. McDaid, D.,
    7. Park, A.,
    8. Hessel, P.,
    9. Dias, Y.,
    10. Matijasevich, A.,
    11. Ziebold, C.,
    12. Bauer, A.,
    13. Silvestre Paula, C., and
    14. Lund, C.
    2021. “The impact of cash transfers on mental health in children and young people in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” BMJ Global Health 6:e004661.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
Back to top

In this issue

Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools
Improving Mental Health of Adolescent Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Manisha Shah, Sarah Baird, Jennifer Seager, Benjamin Avuwadah, Joan Hamory, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Amita Vyas
Journal of Human Resources Nov 2023, 1222-12707R2; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.1222-12707R2
Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
Bookmark this article

Jump to section