Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • Request JHR at your library
  • Alerts
  • Call for Editor
  • Free Issue
  • Special Issue
  • Other Publications
    • UWP

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Journal of Human Resources
  • Other Publications
    • UWP
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Journal of Human Resources

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • Request JHR at your library
  • Alerts
  • Call for Editor
  • Free Issue
  • Special Issue
  • Follow uwp on Twitter
  • Follow JHR on Bluesky
Research ArticleArticles

The Effect of Vaccine Mandates on Disease Spread

Evidence from College COVID-19 Mandates

Riley K. Acton, Wenjia Cao, Emily E. Cook, Scott A. Imberman and Michael F. Lovenheim
Published online before print April 08, 2024, 0123-12743R2; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0123-12743R2
Riley K. Acton
Riley K. Acton is an Assistant Professor of Economics at Miami University and a Research Affiliate at IZA ().
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: actonr{at}miamioh.edu
Wenjia Cao
Wenjia Cao is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Economics at Michigan State University ().
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: caowenj1{at}msu.edu
Emily E. Cook
Emily E. Cook is an Assistant Professor of Economics at Tulane University ().
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: ecook4{at}tulane.edu
Scott A. Imberman
Scott A. Imberman is a Professor of Economics and Education Policy at Michigan State University, a Research Associate at NBER, and a Research Fellow at CESifo ().
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: imberman{at}msu.edu
Michael F. Lovenheim
Michael F. Lovenheim is a Professor of Economics, Industrial and Labor Relations, and Public Policy at Cornell University, a Research Associate at NBER, and a Research Fellow at CESifo ().
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: mfl55{at}cornell.edu
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

    1. Abrevaya, Jason, and
    2. Karen Mulligan
    . 2011. “Effectiveness of State-Level Vaccination Mandates: Evidence from the Varicella Vaccine.” Journal of Health Economics 30(5): 966–976.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Acton, Riley K.,
    2. Emily E. Cook, and
    3. Allison Luedtke
    . 2022. “The Influence of Peer Institutions on Colleges’ Decisions: Evidence from Fall 2020 Reopening Plans.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 195: 288–302. ISSN: 01672681. DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2022.01.016. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.01.016.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Adolph, Christopher,
    2. Kenya Amano,
    3. Bree Bang-Jensen,
    4. Nancy Fullman, and
    5. John Wilkerson
    . 2021. “Pandemic Politics: Timing State-Level Social Distancing Responses to COVID-19.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 46(2): 211–233.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Aldy, Joseph E, and
    2. W Kip Viscusi
    . 2008. “Adjusting the Value of a Statistical Life for Age and Cohort Effects.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 90(3): 573–581.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Allsop, Allison.
    2023. “Louisiana Moves Forward with Legislation to Relax Vaccine Requirements for K-12 Students.” Shreveport Times.
    1. Andersen, Martin S.,
    2. Ana I. Bento,
    3. Anirban Basu,
    4. Christopher R. Marsicano, and
    5. Kosali Simon
    . 2022. “College Openings in the United States Increase Mobility and COVID-19 Incidence.” PloS One 17(8): e0272820.
    OpenUrl
    1. Arolas, Héctor Pifarré i,
    2. Enrique Acosta,
    3. Guillem López Casasnovas,
    4. Adeline Lo,
    5. Catia Nicodemo,
    6. Tim Riffe, and
    7. Mikko Myrskylä
    . 2021. “Years of Life Lost to COVID-19 in 81 Countries.” Scientific Reports 11(1): 3504.
    OpenUrl
    1. Azevedo, João Pedro,
    2. Amer Hasan,
    3. Diana Goldemberg,
    4. Koen Geven, and
    5. Syedah Aroob Iqbal
    . 2021. “Simulating the Potential Impacts of COVID-19 School Closures on Schooling and Learning Outcomes: A Set of Global Estimates.” The World Bank Research Observer 36(1): 1–40.
    OpenUrl
    1. Bacher-Hicks, Andrew,
    2. Joshua Goodman,
    3. Jennifer G. Green, and
    4. Melissa K. Holt
    . 2022. “The COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupted Both School Bullying and Cyberbullying.” American Economic Review: Insights 4(3): 353–370.
    OpenUrl
    1. Bacher-Hicks, Andrew,
    2. Joshua Goodman, and
    3. Christine Mulhern
    . 2021. “Inequality in Household Adaptation to Schooling Shocks: Covid-Induced Online Learning Engagement in Real Time.” Journal of Public Economics 193: 104345.
    OpenUrl
    1. Baden, Lindsey R,
    2. Hana M El Sahly,
    3. Brandon Essink,
    4. Dean Follmann,
    5. Kathleen M Neuzil,
    6. Allison August,
    7. Heather Clouting,
    8. Gabrielle Fortier,
    9. Weiping Deng,
    10. Shu Han
    , et al. 2021. “Phase 3 Trial of mRNA-1273 During the Delta-Variant Surge.” New England Journal of Medicine 385(26): 2485–2487.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Bailey, Drew H,
    2. Greg J Duncan,
    3. Richard J Murnane, and
    4. Natalie Au Yeung
    . 2021. “Achievement Gaps in the Wake of COVID-19.” Educational Researcher 50(5): 266–275.
    OpenUrl
    1. Barro, Robert J.
    2022. “Vaccination Rates and COVID Outcomes across US States.” Economics & Human Biology 47: 101201.
    OpenUrl
    1. Berick, J.,
    2. S. Gade,
    3. R. Hu,
    4. J. Lagunas,
    5. T. Munshi,
    6. J. Santo,
    7. H. Zhang,
    8. A. F. Bernhardt,
    9. C. R. Marsicano, and
    10. R. Martin
    . 2021. Fall 2021 Semester Start Date [Dataset]. The College Crisis Initiative.
    1. Bernhardt, A. F.,
    2. R. C. Martin,
    3. C. R. Marsicano,
    4. A. Francis,
    5. S. Gade,
    6. S. Gujral,
    7. E. Lilly,
    8. S. Mirabello,
    9. C. McLaren,
    10. M. Meyer,
    11. I. Navani,
    12. D. Sheldon,
    13. A. Solum, and
    14. A. Webb-Newton
    . 2022a. College and University COVID-19 Testing Policy Fall 2021 [Dataset]. The College Crisis Initiative.
    1. Bernhardt, A. F.,
    2. R. C. Martin,
    3. C. R. Marsicano,
    4. A. Francis,
    5. S. Gade,
    6. S. Gujral,
    7. E. Lilly,
    8. S. Mirabello,
    9. C. McLaren,
    10. M. Meyer,
    11. I. Navani,
    12. D. Sheldon,
    13. A. Solum, and
    14. A. Webb-Newton
    . 2022b. College and University Mask Policy Fall 2021 [Dataset]. The College Crisis Initiative.
    1. Botelho, B.,
    2. A. Cummings,
    3. S. Daneshvar,
    4. S. Eldridge,
    5. S. Gade,
    6. S. Gujral,
    7. A.L. Lewis,
    8. R. McLean,
    9. A. Moore,
    10. E. Nagahashi,
    11. D. Oukolov,
    12. C. Pearce,
    13. C. Wachino,
    14. C. Welch,
    15. A. F. Bernhardt,
    16. C. R. Marsicano, and
    17. R. Martin
    . 2021. Vaccine Plan Fall 2021 [Dataset]. The College Crisis Initiative.
    1. Bradley, Valerie C.,
    2. Shiro Kuriwaki,
    3. Michael Isakov,
    4. Dino Sejdinovic,
    5. Xiao Li Meng, and
    6. Seth Flaxman
    . 2021. “Unrepresentative Big Surveys Significantly Overestimated US Vaccine Uptake.” Nature 600(7890): 695–700. ISSN: 14764687. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04198-4.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Callaway, Brantly,
    2. Andrew Goodman-Bacon, and
    3. Pedro H. C. Sant’Anna
    . 2021. “Difference-in-Differences with a Continuous Treatment.” arXiv: 2107.02637 [econ.EM].
    1. Canes-Wrone, Brandice,
    2. Jonathan T. Rothwell, and
    3. Christos A. Makridis
    . 2022. “Partisanship and Policy on an Emerging Issue: Mass and Elite Responses to COVID-19 as the Pandemic Evolved.” SSRN Working Paper. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3638373.
    1. Carlin, Patrick,
    2. Brian E. Dixon,
    3. Kosali I. Simon,
    4. Ryan Sullivan, and
    5. Coady Wing
    . 2022. “How Undervalued is the COVID-19 Vaccine? Evidence from Discrete Choice Experiments and VSL Benchmarks.” NBER Working Paper 30118.
    1. Carlin, Patrick R.,
    2. Paul Minard,
    3. Daniel H. Simon, and
    4. Coady Wing
    . 2021. “Effects of Large Gatherings on the COVID-19 Epidemic: Evidence from Professional and College Sports.” c 43: 101033. ISSN: 1570-677X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101033. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X21000575.
    OpenUrl
    1. Carpenter, Christopher S and
    2. Emily C Lawler
    . 2019. “Direct and Spillover Effects of Middle School Vaccination Requirements.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11(1): 95–125.
    OpenUrl
    1. Chatterji, Pinka, and
    2. Yue Li
    . 2021. “Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Outpatient Providers in the United States.” Medical Care 59(1): 58–61.
    OpenUrl
    1. Chetty, Raj,
    2. John N. Friedman,
    3. Emmanuel Saez,
    4. Nicholas Turner, and
    5. Danny Yagan
    . 2020. “Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility Across Colleges in the United States.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 135(3): 1567–1633.
    OpenUrl
    1. Christian, Alvin,
    2. Brian Jacob, and
    3. John D Singleton
    . 2022. “Assessing School District Decision-Making: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic.” NBER Working Paper 30520. DOI: 10.3386/w30520. URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w30520.
    1. Clinton, Joshua,
    2. Jon Cohen,
    3. John Lapinski, and
    4. Marc Trussler
    . 2021. “Partisan Pandemic: How Partisanship and Public Health Concerns Affect Individuals’ Social Mobility During COVID-19.” Science Advances 7(2): eabd7204.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Collier, Daniel A,
    2. Dan Fitzpatrick,
    3. Madison Dell,
    4. Samuel S Snideman,
    5. Christopher R Marsicano,
    6. Robert Kelchen, and
    7. Kevin E Wells
    . 2022. “We Want You Back: Uncovering the Effects on In-Person Instructional Operations in Fall 2020.” Research in Higher Education 63(5): 741–767.
    OpenUrl
    1. Condra, Alex,
    2. Taylor Coston,
    3. Monika Jain,
    4. Seth Manning,
    5. Samuel Pettyjohn, and
    6. Amy E Wahlquist
    . 2023. “Mask Adherence to Mask Mandate: College Campus Versus the Surrounding Community.” Journal of Community Health: 1–5.
    1. Courtemanche, Charles J,
    2. Anh H Le,
    3. Aaron Yelowitz, and
    4. Ron Zimmer
    . 2021. “School Reopenings, Mobility, and COVID-19 Spread: Evidence from Texas.” NBER Working Paper 28753.
    1. Cowger, Tori L.,
    2. Eleanor J. Murray,
    3. Jaylen Clarke,
    4. Mary T. Bassett,
    5. Bisola O. Ojikutu,
    6. Sarimer M. Sánchez,
    7. Natalia Linos, and
    8. Kathryn T. Hall
    . 2022. “Lifting Universal Masking in Schools — Covid-19 Incidence among Students and Staff.” New England Journal of Medicine 387(21): 1935–1946. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2211029. eprint: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2211029. URL: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2211029.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Elledge, Stephen J.
    2020. “2.5 Million Person-Years of Life Have Been Lost Due to COVID-19 in the United States.” medRxiv. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.18.20214783.
    1. Ertem, Zeynep,
    2. Elissa M Schechter-Perkins,
    3. Emily Oster,
    4. Polly van den Berg,
    5. Isabella Epshtein,
    6. Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk,
    7. Fernando A Wilson,
    8. Eli Perencevich,
    9. Warren BP Pettey,
    10. Westyn Branch-Elliman
    , et al. 2021. “The Impact of School Opening Model on SARS-CoV-2 Community Incidence and Mortality.” Nature Medicine 27(12): 2120–2126.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Falsey, Ann R,
    2. Magdalena E Sobieszczyk,
    3. Ian Hirsch,
    4. Stephanie Sproule,
    5. Merlin L Robb,
    6. Lawrence Corey,
    7. Kathleen M Neuzil,
    8. William Hahn,
    9. Julie Hunt,
    10. Mark J Mulligan
    , et al. 2021. “Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Covid-19 Vaccine.” New England Journal of Medicine 385(25): 2348–2360.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Fraser, Michael R,
    2. Chrissie Juliano, and
    3. Gabrielle Nichols
    . 2021. “Variation among Public Health Interventions in Initial Efforts to Prevent and Control the Spread of COVID-19 in the 50 States, 29 Big Cities, and the District of Columbia.” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 27(1): S29–S38.
    OpenUrl
    1. Ghaffarzadegan, Navid.
    2022. “Effect of Mandating Vaccination on COVID-19 Cases in Colleges and Universities.” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 123: 41–45.
    OpenUrl
    1. Goldhaber, Dan,
    2. Scott A Imberman,
    3. Katharine O Strunk,
    4. Bryant G Hopkins,
    5. Nate Brown,
    6. Erica Harbatkin, and
    7. Tara Kilbride
    . 2022. “To What Extent Does In-Person Schooling Contribute to the Spread of Covid-19? Evidence from Michigan and Washington.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 41(1): 318–349.
    OpenUrl
    1. Goldstein, Joshua R, and
    2. Ronald D Lee
    . 2020. “Demographic Perspectives on the Mortality of COVID-19 and Other Epidemics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(36): 22035–22041.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Gollwitzer, Anton,
    2. Cameron Martel,
    3. William J Brady,
    4. Philip Pärnamets,
    5. Isaac G Freedman,
    6. Eric D Knowles, and
    7. Jay J Van Bavel
    . 2020. “Partisan Differences in Physical Distancing Are Linked to Health Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Nature Human Behaviour 4(11): 1186–1197.
    OpenUrl
    1. Goodman-Bacon, Andrew.
    2021. “Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing.” Journal of Econometrics 225(2): 254–277.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Grossmann, Matt,
    2. Sarah Reckhow,
    3. Katharine O Strunk, and
    4. Meg Turner
    . 2021. “All States Close but Red Districts Reopen: The Politics of In-Person Schooling During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Educational Researcher 50(9): 637–648.
    OpenUrl
    1. Halloran, Clare,
    2. Claire E Hug,
    3. Rebecca Jack, and
    4. Emily Oster
    . 2023. “Post COVID-19 Test Score Recovery: Initial Evidence from State Testing Data.” NBER Working Paper 31113.
    1. Hansen, Niels-Jakob H., and
    2. Rui C. Mano
    . 2023. “Mask Mandates Save Lives.” Journal of Health Economics 88: 102721. ISSN: 0167-6296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102721. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629622001357.
    OpenUrl
    1. Harris, Douglas N,
    2. Engy Ziedan, and
    3. Susan Hassig
    . 2021. “The Effects of School Reopenings on COVID-19 Hospitalizations.” National Center for Research on Education Access and Choice.
    1. Hinrichs, Peter L.
    2021. “COVID-19 and Education: A Survey of the Research.” Economic Commentary 2021–04.
    1. Hodge Jr, James G, and
    2. Lawrence O Gostin
    . 2001. “School Vaccination Requirements: Historical, Social, and Legal Perspectives.” Ky. LJ 90: 831.
    OpenUrl
    1. Holtkamp, Nicholas Chadbourne.
    2021. “The Economic and Health Effects of the United States’ Earliest School Vaccination Mandates.” PhD Thesis. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1803/16910.
    1. Hughes, Amy E.,
    2. Richard J. Medford,
    3. Trish M. Perl,
    4. Mujeeb A. Basit, and
    5. Kandice A. Kapinos
    . 2022. “District-Level Universal Masking Policies and COVID-19 Incidence During the First 8 Weeks of School in Texas.” American Journal of Public Health 112(6): 871–875. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2022.306769. eprint: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306769. URL: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306769.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Jin, Raymond.
    2021. “The Lag between Daily Reported Covid-19 Cases and Deaths and Its Relationship to Age.” Journal of Public Health Research 10(3).
    1. Karaivanov, Alexander,
    2. Dongwoo Kim,
    3. Shih En Lu, and
    4. Hitoshi Shigeoka
    . 2022. “COVID-19 Vaccination Mandates and Vaccine Uptake.” Nature Human Behaviour 6(12): 1615–1624. ISSN: 23973374. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01363-1.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Karaivanov, Alexander,
    2. Shih En Lu,
    3. Hitoshi Shigeoka,
    4. Cong Chen, and
    5. Stephanie Pamplona
    . 2021. “Face Masks, Public Policies and Slowing the Spread of COVID-19: Evidence from Canada.” Journal of Health Economics 78: 102475. ISSN: 0167-6296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102475. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629621000606.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Kekatos, Mary.
    2023. “Texas Bill Could Hand Vaccine Decisions in Schools Over to Lawmakers.” ABC News.
    1. Kilbride, Tara,
    2. Bryant Hopkins,
    3. Katharine Strunk, and
    4. Scott Imberman
    . 2021. “K-8 Student Achievement and Achievement Gaps on Michigan’s 2020-21 Benchmark and Summative Assessments.” Technical Report. Education Policy Innovation Collaborative.
    1. Lawler, Emily C.
    2017. “Effectiveness of Vaccination Recommendations Versus Mandates: Evidence from the Hepatitis A Vaccine.” Journal of Health Economics 52: 45–62.
    OpenUrl
    1. Lawlor, Joe.
    2023. “Proposals to Roll Back School Vaccine Requirements Draw Crowd to State House.” Portland Press Herald.
    1. Levin, Andrew T,
    2. William P Hanage,
    3. Nana Owusu-Boaitey,
    4. Kensington B Cochran,
    5. Seamus P Walsh, and
    6. Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz
    . 2020. “Assessing the Age Specificity of Infection Fatality Rates for COVID-19: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Public Policy Implications.” European Journal of Epidemiology 35(12): 1123–1138.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Lopes, Lunna,
    2. Shannon Schumacher,
    3. Grace Sparks,
    4. Marley Presiado,
    5. Liz Hamel, and
    6. Mollyann Brodie
    . 2022. “KFF COVID-19 Vaccine Monitor: December 2022.” Technical Report. Kaiser Family Foundation.
    1. Mangrum, Daniel, and
    2. Paul Niekamp
    . 2022. “JUE Insight: College Student Travel Contributed to Local COVID-19 Spread.” Journal of Urban Economics 127: 103311. ISSN: 00941190. DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2020.103311.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Mills, Melinda C., and
    2. Tobias Rüttenauer
    . 2022. “The Effect of Mandatory COVID-19 Certificates on Vaccine Uptake: Synthetic-Control Modelling of Six Countries.” The Lancet Public Health 7(1): e15–e22. ISSN: 24682667. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00273-5.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Murthy, Bhavini P,
    2. Natalie Sterrett,
    3. Daniel Weller,
    4. Elizabeth Zell,
    5. Laura Reynolds,
    6. Robin Toblin,
    7. Neil Murthy,
    8. Jennifer Kriss,
    9. Charles Rose,
    10. Betsy Cadwell
    , et al. 2021. “Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Between Urban and Rural Counties — United States, December 14, 2020–April 10, 2021.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 70(20): 759–764. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7020e3external.
    OpenUrl
    1. Musaddiq, Tareena,
    2. Kevin Stange,
    3. Andrew Bacher-Hicks, and
    4. Joshua Goodman
    . 2022. “The Pandemic’s Effect on Demand for Public Schools, Homeschooling, and Private Schools.” Journal of Public Economics 212: 104710.
    OpenUrl
    1. Polack, Fernando P,
    2. Stephen J Thomas,
    3. Nicholas Kitchin,
    4. Judith Absalon,
    5. Alejandra Gurtman,
    6. Stephen Lockhart,
    7. John L Perez,
    8. Gonzalo Pérez Marc,
    9. Edson D Moreira,
    10. Cristiano Zerbini
    , et al. 2020. “Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine.” New England Journal of Medicine 383(27): 2603–2615.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Quast, Troy,
    2. Ross Andel,
    3. Sean Gregory, and
    4. Eric A Storch
    . 2022. “Years of Life Lost Associated with COVID-19 Deaths in the USA During the First Year of the Pandemic.” Journal of Public Health 44(1): e20–e25.
    OpenUrl
    1. Richmond, Craig S.,
    2. Arick P. Sabin,
    3. Dean A. Jobe,
    4. Steven D. Lovrich, and
    5. Paraic A. Kenny
    . 2020. “SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Reveals Rapid Transmission from College Student Clusters Resulting in Morbidity and Deaths in Vulnerable Populations.” medRxiv. DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.12.20210294. eprint: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/10/14/2020.10.12.20210294.full.pdf. URL: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/10/14/2020.10.12.20210294.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Strunk, Katharine O,
    2. Bryant G Hopkins,
    3. Tara Kilbride,
    4. Scott A Imberman, and
    5. Dongming Yu
    . 2023. “The Path of Student Learning Delay During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Michigan.” NBER Working Paper 31188.
    1. Sun, Liyang, and
    2. Sarah Abraham
    . 2021. “Estimating dynamic Treatment Effects in Event Studies with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.” Journal of Econometrics 225(2): 175–199.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Testa, Christian,
    2. Nancy Krieger,
    3. Jarvis Chen, and
    4. William Hanage
    . 2020. “Visualizing the Lagged Connection between COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the United States: An Animation Using Per Capita State-Level Data (January 22, 2020–July 8, 2020)”. The Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies (HCPDS) Working Paper 19(4).
    1. Walkowiak, Marcin Piotr,
    2. Justyna B. Walkowiak, and
    3. Dariusz Walkowiak
    . 2021. “COVID-19 Passport as a Factor Determining the Success of National Vaccination Campaigns: Does It Work? The Case of Lithuania vs. Poland.” Vaccines 9(12): 1498. ISSN: 2076393X. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121498.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. White, Corey.
    2021. “Measuring Social and Externality Benefits of Influenza Vaccination.” Journal of Human Resources 56(3): 749–785. ISSN: 15488004. DOI: 10.3368/jhr.56.3.1118-9893R2.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Ye, Xinyuan.
    2023. “Exploring the Relationship between Political Partisanship and COVID-19 Vaccination Rate.” Journal of Public Health 45(1): 91–98.
    OpenUrl
    1. Yuan, Yuan,
    2. Eaman Jahani,
    3. Shengjia Zhao,
    4. Yong-Yeo Ahn, and
    5. Alex S Pentland
    . 2021. “Mobility Network Reveals the Impact of Geographic Vaccination Heterogeneity on COVID-19.” medRxiv.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Journal of Human Resources: 60 (6)
Journal of Human Resources
Vol. 60, Issue 6
1 Nov 2025
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Journal of Human Resources.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
The Effect of Vaccine Mandates on Disease Spread
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Journal of Human Resources
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Journal of Human Resources web site.
Citation Tools
The Effect of Vaccine Mandates on Disease Spread
Riley K. Acton, Wenjia Cao, Emily E. Cook, Scott A. Imberman, Michael F. Lovenheim
Journal of Human Resources Apr 2024, 0123-12743R2; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0123-12743R2

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
The Effect of Vaccine Mandates on Disease Spread
Riley K. Acton, Wenjia Cao, Emily E. Cook, Scott A. Imberman, Michael F. Lovenheim
Journal of Human Resources Apr 2024, 0123-12743R2; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0123-12743R2
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Supplemental
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Schools as Safety Nets
  • What Can Trends in Emergency Department Visits Tell Us About Child Mental Health?
  • Commodity Revenue Shocks and Mortality
Show more Articles

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • H75
  • I18
  • I23
UW Press logo

© 2025 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

Powered by HighWire