The Impact of Fertility Relaxation on the Gender Wage Gap

References

1. 1. Baker, Michael, and
   2. Kevin Milligan

   . 2008. “How Does Job-Protected Maternity Leave Affect Mothers’ Employment?” Journal of Labor Economics 26 (4): 655–691. https://doi.org/10.1086/591955.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
2. 1. Baker, Michael,
   2. Jonathan Gruber, and
   3. Kevin Milligan

   . 2008. “Universal Child Care, Maternal Labor Supply, and Family Well-Being”. Journal of Political Economy 116 (4): 709–745. https://doi.org/10.1086/591908.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
3. 1. Barham, Tania,
   2. Randall Kuhn, and
   3. Patrick S. Turner

   . 2023. “No Place Like Home: Long-run Impacts of Early Child Health and Family Planning on Labor and Migration Outcomes”. Journal of Human Resources, forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0322-12209R2
4. 1. Bauernschuster, Stefan, and
   2. Martin Schlotter

   . 2015. “Public Child Care and Mothers’ Labor Supply—Evidence from Two Quasi-Experiments”. Journal of Public Economics 123: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.12.013.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
5. 1. Baum, Charles L.

   2003. “The Effect of State Maternity Leave Legislation and the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act on Employment and Wages”. Labour Economics 10 (5): 573–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0927-5371(03)00037-x.

   OpenUrl
6. 1. Bayard, Kimberly,
   2. Judith Hellerstein,
   3. David Neumark, and
   4. Kenneth Troske

   . 2003. “New Evidence on Sex Segregation and Sex Differences in Wages from Matched Employee-Employer Data”. Journal of Labor Economics 21 (4): 887–922. https://doi.org/10.1086/377026.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
7. 1. Bhaskar, V., and
   2. Ed Hopkins

   . 2016. “Marriage as a Rat Race: Noisy Premarital Investments with Assortative Matching”. Journal of Political Economy 124 (4): 992–1045. https://doi.org/10.1086/686748.

   OpenUrl
8. 1. Blau, Francine D., and
   2. Lawrence M. Kahn

   . 2017. “The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations”. Journal of Economic Literature 55 (3): 789–865. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160995.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
9. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and State Council. 2021. “The Decision on Improving Birth Policies to Promote Long-term and Balanced Population Development.” https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-07/20/content_5626190.htm ( accessed January 16, 2024)
10. 1. Chen, Yuyu,
    2. Hongbin Li, and
    3. Lingsheng Meng

    . 2013. “Prenatal Sex Selection and Missing Girls in China: Evidence from the Diffusion of Diagnostic Ultrasound”. Journal of Human Resources 48 (1): 36–70. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.48.1.36.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
11. 1. Dahl, Gordon B,
    2. Katrine V Løken,
    3. Magne Mogstad, and
    4. Kari Vea Salvanes

    . 2016. “What is the Case for Paid Maternity Leave?” Review of Economics and Statistics 98 (4): 655–670. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00602

    OpenUrl
12. 1. Das, Tirthatanmoy, and
    2. Solomon W. Polachek

    . 2015. “Unanticipated Effects of California’s Paid Family Leave Program”. Contemporary Economic Policy 33 (4): 619–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12102.

    OpenUrl
13. 1. Du, Qingyuan, and
    2. Shang-Jin Wei

    . 2013. “A Theory of the Competitive Saving Motive”. Journal of International Economics 91(2): 275–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.09.003

    OpenUrl
14. 1. Ebenstein, Avraham

    . 2010. “The ‘Missing Girls’ of China and the Unintended Consequences of the One Child Policy”. Journal of Human Resources 45 (1): 87–115. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.45.1.87.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
15. 1. Edlund, Lena,
    2. Hongbin Li,
    3. Junjian Yi, and
    4. Junsen Zhang

    . 2013. “Sex Ratios and Crime: Evidence from China”. Review of Economics and Statistics 95 (5): 1520–1534. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00356.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
16. 1. Fisman, Raymond,
    2. Hui Lin,
    3. Cong Sun,
    4. Yongxiang Wang, and
    5. Daxuan Zhao

    . 2021. “What Motivates Non-democratic Leadership: Evidence from COVID-19 Reopenings in China”. Journal of Public Economics 196: 104389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104389

    OpenUrl
17. 1. Guo, Rufei,
    2. Hongbin Li,
    3. Junjian Yi, and
    4. Junsen Zhang

    . 2018. “Fertility, Household Structure, and Parental Labor Supply: Evidence from China”. Journal of Comparative Economics 46(1): 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2017.10.005

    OpenUrlCrossRef
18. 1. Havnes, Tarjei, and
    2. Magne Mogstad

    . 2011. “Money for Nothing? Universal Child Care and Maternal Employment”. Journal of Public Economics 95 (11-12): 1455–1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.05.016

    OpenUrlCrossRef
19. 1. He, Haoran,
    2. Sherry Xin Li, and
    3. Yulin Han

    . 2023. “Labor Market Discrimination against Family Responsibilities: A Correspondence Study with Policy Change in China”. Journal of Labor Economics 41(2): 361–387. https://doi.org/10.1086/719966

    OpenUrl
20. 1. Hesketh, Therese,
    2. Li Lu, and
    3. Zhu Wei Xing

    . 2005. “The Effect of China’s One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years”. New England Journal of Medicine 353 (11): 1171–1176. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhpr051833.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 1. Huang, Philip C. C.

    2009. “China’s Neglected Informal Economy.” Modern China 35 (4): 405–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700409333158.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
22. 1. Huang, Wei,
    2. Xiaoyan Lei, and
    3. Ang Sun

    . 2021. “Fertility Restrictions and Life Cycle Outcomes: Evidence from the One-Child Policy in China”. Review of Economics and Statistics 103 (4): 694–710. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00921.

    OpenUrl
23. ILO. 2012. Statistical Update on Employment in the Informal Economy.
24. 1. Isaac, Elliott

    . 2023. “Suddenly Married: Joint Taxation and the Labor Supply of Same-sex Married Couples after US v. Windsor”. Journal of Human Resources, forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.1220-11396R2
25. 1. Juhn, Chinhui, and
    2. Kristin McCue

    . 2017. “Specialization Then and Now: Marriage, Children, and the Gender Earnings Gap across Cohorts”. Journal of Economic Perspectives 31 (1): 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.183.

    OpenUrl
26. 1. Kleven, Henrik,
    2. Camille Landais, and
    3. Jakob Egholt Søgaard

    . 2019. “Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark”. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11 (4): 181–209. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20180010.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
27. 1. Kleven, Henrik,
    2. Camille Landais,
    3. Johanna Posch,
    4. Andreas Steinhauer, and
    5. Josef Zweimüller

    . 2020. “Do Family Policies Reduce Gender Inequality? Evidence from 60 Years of Policy Experimentation”. Working Paper.
28. 1. Lalive, Rafael,
    2. Analía Schlosser,
    3. Andreas Steinhauer, and
    4. Josef Zweimüller

    . 2014. “Parental Leave and Mothers’ Careers: The Relative Importance of Job Protection and Cash Benefits”. Review of Economic Studies 81 (1): 219–265. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt028.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
29. 1. Lalive, Rafael, and
    2. Josef Zweimüller

    . 2009. “How Does Parental Leave Affect Fertility and Return to Work? Evidence from Two Natural Experiments”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 124 (3): 1363–1402. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1363.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
30. 1. Lefebvre, Pierre, and
    2. Philip Merrigan

    . 2008. “Child-Care Policy and the Labor Supply of Mothers with Young Children: A Natural Experiment from Canada”. Journal of Labor Economics 26 (3): 519–548. https://doi.org/10.1086/587760.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. 1. Li, Han,
    2. Jiangyi Li,
    3. Yi Lu, and
    4. Huihua Xie

    . 2020. “Housing Wealth and Labor Supply: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design”. Journal of Public Economics 183: 104139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104139

    OpenUrl
32. 1. Liu, Haoming

    . 2014. “The Quality–Quantity Trade-Off: Evidence from the Relaxation of China’s One-Child Policy”. Journal of Population Economics 27 (2): 565–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-013-0478-4

    OpenUrl
33. 1. Marianne, Bertrand

    . 2011. “Chapter 17 - New Perspectives on Gender”. In Handbook of Labor Economics, edited by David Card and Orley Ashenfelter. 1543–1590. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-7218(11)02415-4.
34. 1. McElroy, Marjorie, and
    2. Dennis Tao Yang

    . 2000. “Carrots and Sticks: Fertility Effects of China’s Population Policies”. American Economic Review 90 (2): 389–392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.389.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
35. 1. Olivetti, Claudia, and
    2. Barbara Petrongolo

    . 2016. “The Evolution of Gender Gaps in Industrialized Countries”. Annual Review of Economics 8 (1): 405–434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115329.

    OpenUrl
36. 1. Portes, Alejandro, and
    2. William Haller

    . 2010. “18 the Informal Economy”. Handbook of Economic Sociology: 403.
37. 1. Qin, Yu, and
    2. Hongjia Zhu

    . 2018. “Run away? Air Pollution and Emigration Interests in China”. Journal of Population Economics 31(1): 235–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-017-0653-0

    OpenUrl
38. 1. Rosenzweig, Mark R, and
    2. Junsen Zhang

    . 2009. “Do Population Control Policies Induce More Human Capital Investment? Twins, Birth Weight and China’s ‘One-Child’ Policy”. Review of Economic Studies 76 (3): 1149–1174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00563.x

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
39. 1. Roth, Jonathan

    . 2022. “Pretest with Caution: Event-Study Estimates after Testing for Parallel Trends”. American Economic Review: Insights 4 (3): 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20210236.

    OpenUrl
40. 1. Schönberg, Uta, and
    2. Johannes Ludsteck

    . 2014. “Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Mothers’ Labor Market Outcomes after Childbirth”. Journal of Labor Economics 32 (3): 469–505. https://doi.org/10.1086/675078.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
41. State Council. 2012. “Special Rules on the Labor Protection of Female Employees”. https://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-05/07/content_2131567.htm (accessed January 16, 2024)
42. State Council Information Office. 2021. “SCIO Briefing on 7th National Population Census”. http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/pressroom/2021-05/14/content_77497508_11.htm (accessed January 16, 2024)
43. 1. Tang, Mingzhe, and
    2. N. Edward Coulson

    . 2017. “The Impact of China’s Housing Provident Fund on Homeownership, Housing Consumption and Housing Investment”. Regional Science and Urban Economics 63: 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.11.002.

    OpenUrl
44. 1. Tuljapurkar, S.,
    2. N. Li, and
    3. M. W. Feldman

    . 1995. “High Sex Ratios in China’s Future”. Science 267 (5199): 874–6. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7846529.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
45. 1. Wei, Shang-Jin, and
    2. Xiaobo Zhang

    . 2011. “The Competitive Saving Motive: Evidence from Rising Sex Ratios and Savings Rates in China”. Journal of Political Economy 119 (3): 511–564. https://doi.org/10.1086/660887.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
46. 1. Wei, Shang-Jin,
    2. Xiaobo Zhang, and
    3. Yin Liu

    . 2017. “Home Ownership as Status Competition: Some Theory and Evidence”. Journal of Development Economics 127: 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.12.001.

    OpenUrl
47. 1. Wu, Xiaoyu

    . 2022. “Fertility and Maternal Labor Supply: Evidence from the New Two-Child Policies in Urban China”. Journal of Comparative Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2022.01.002.
48. 1. Zhang, Junsen

    . 2017. “The Evolution of China’s One-Child Policy and Its Effects on Family Outcomes”. Journal of Economic Perspectives 31 (1): 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.141.

    OpenUrlCrossRef