Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • Request JHR at your library
  • Alerts
  • Call for Editor
  • Free Issue
  • Special Issue
  • Other Publications
    • UWP

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Journal of Human Resources
  • Other Publications
    • UWP
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Journal of Human Resources

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current
    • Ahead of print
    • Archive
    • Supplementary Material
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Subscribers
    • Institutions
    • Advertisers
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
  • Connect
    • Feedback
    • Help
    • Request JHR at your library
  • Alerts
  • Call for Editor
  • Free Issue
  • Special Issue
  • Follow uwp on Twitter
  • Follow JHR on Bluesky
Research ArticleArticles

The Value of a Higher ACT Exam Score

Kareem Haggag, Emily Leslie, Devin Pope and Nolan Pope
Published online before print November 07, 2024, 0922-12537R2; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0922-12537R2
Kareem Haggag
Kareem Haggag () is an Assistant Professor of Behavior and Decision Making at UCLA Anderson School of Management and a Faculty Research Fellow at NBER
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: kareem.haggag{at}anderson.ucla.edu
Emily Leslie
Emily Leslie () is an Assistant Professor of Economics at Brigham Young University
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: emily.leslie{at}byu.edu
Devin Pope
Devin Pope () is a Professor of Behavioral Science and Economics at University of Chicago Booth School of Business and a Research Associate at NBER
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: Devin.Pope{at}chicagobooth.edu
Nolan Pope
Nolan Pope () is an Associate Professor of Economics at University of Maryland
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: npope{at}umd.edu
  • Article
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

Entrance exams are an integral aspect of the college admissions process. We use rounding in ACT composite exam scores to identify the causal effect of receiving a higher score. Using data for over 3 million test takers, we estimate that “randomly” receiving one extra point on the ACT leads to a 0.44 percentage point increase in the probability of attending a 4-year college. Our results have implications for the importance of entrance exams in the admissions process, the value of test preparation and retaking, and the inequities that can be created by unequal access to test prep and resources.

Keywords
  • College admissions
  • ACT exam
JEL Codes:
  • I20
  • I23

This article requires a subscription to view the full text. If you have a subscription you may use the login form below to view the article. Access to this article can also be purchased.

Log in using your username and password

Forgot your user name or password?

Purchase access

You may purchase access to this article. This will require you to create an account if you don't already have one.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Journal of Human Resources: 60 (6)
Journal of Human Resources
Vol. 60, Issue 6
1 Nov 2025
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Journal of Human Resources.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
The Value of a Higher ACT Exam Score
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Journal of Human Resources
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Journal of Human Resources web site.
Citation Tools
The Value of a Higher ACT Exam Score
Kareem Haggag, Emily Leslie, Devin Pope, Nolan Pope
Journal of Human Resources Nov 2024, 0922-12537R2; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0922-12537R2

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
The Value of a Higher ACT Exam Score
Kareem Haggag, Emily Leslie, Devin Pope, Nolan Pope
Journal of Human Resources Nov 2024, 0922-12537R2; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0922-12537R2
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Schools as Safety Nets
  • Quality and selection in regulated professions
  • Tasks and Black-white Inequality over the Long Twentieth Century
Show more Articles

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • College admissions
  • ACT exam
  • I20
  • I23
UW Press logo

© 2025 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

Powered by HighWire