Non-College Occupations, Workplace Routinization, and Female College Enrollment

References

1. 1. Acemoglu, Daron and
   2. David Autor

   . (2011). Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings. In O. C. Ashenfelter and D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (pp. 1043–1171, Vol. 4B). Elsevier.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
2. 1. Acemoglu, Daron and
   2. Pascual Restrepo

   . (2019). Automation and new tasks: How technology displaces and reinstates labor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33 (2), 3–30.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
3. 1. Acemoglu, Daron and
   2. Pascual Restrepo

   . (2020). Robots and jobs: Evidence from U.S. labor markets. Journal of Political Economy, 128 (6), 2188–2244.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
4. 1. Adams, Brian T.

   (2019). Farm machinery automation for tillage, planting cultivation, and harvesting. In Handbook of Farm, Dairy and Food Machinery Engineering (pp. 115–131). Elsevier.
5. 1. Adao, Rodrigo,
   2. Michal Kolesár, and
   3. Eduardo Morales

   . (2019). Shift-share designs: Theory and inference. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134 (4), 1949–2010.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
6. 1. Andrews, Isaiah,
   2. James Stock, and
   3. Liyang Sun

   . (2018). Weak instruments and what to do about them.
7. 1. Apfel, Nicolas.

   (2024). Relaxing the exclusion restriction in shift-share instrumental variable estimation. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, qnad148.
8. 1. Atack, Jeremy,
   2. Robert A Margo, and
   3. Paul W Rhode

   . (2019). “Automation” of manufacturing in the late nineteenth century: The hand and machine labor study. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33 (2), 51–70.

   OpenUrl
9. 1. Atalay, Enghin,
   2. Phai Phongthiengtham,
   3. Sebastian Sotelo, and
   4. Daniel Tannenbaum

   . (2018). New technologies and the labor market. Journal of Monetary Economics, 97, 48–67.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
10. 1. Atalay, Enghin,
    2. Phai Phongthiengtham,
    3. Sebastian Sotelo, and
    4. Daniel Tannenbaum

    . (2020a). The evolution of work in the United States. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 12 (2), 1–34.

    OpenUrl
11. 1. Atalay, Enghin,
    2. Phai Phongthiengtham,
    3. Sebastian Sotelo, and
    4. Daniel Tannenbaum

    . (2020b). Replication package for: The evolution of work in the United States. (tech. rep.). American Economic Association. https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/dataset?id=10.1257/app.20190070
12. 1. Autor, David,
    2. Claudia Goldin, and
    3. Lawrence F Katz

    . (2020). Extending the race between education and technology. AEA Papers and Proceedings, 110, 347–351.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. 1. Autor, David and
    2. Melanie Wasserman

    . (2013). Wayward sons: The emerging gender gap in labor markets and education (tech. rep.). Third Way.
14. 1. Autor, David H.

    (2015). Why are there still so many jobs? the history and future of workplace automation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29 (3), 3–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
15. 1. Autor, David H.

    (2019). Work of the past, work of the future. AEA Papers and Proceedings, 109, 1–32.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
16. 1. Autor, David H. and
    2. David Dorn

    . (2013). The growth of low-skill service jobs and the polarization of the U.S. labor market. American Economic Review, 103 (5), 1553–97. http://doi.org/10.3886/E112652V1

    OpenUrlCrossRef
17. 1. Autor, David H,
    2. David Dorn, and
    3. Gordon H Hanson

    . (2013). The China syndrome: Local labor market effects of import competition in the United States. American Economic Review, 103 (6), 2121–68.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
18. 1. Autor, David H,
    2. David Dorn, and
    3. Gordon H Hanson

    . (2015). Untangling trade and technology: Evidence from local labour markets. The Economic Journal, 125 (584), 621–646.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
19. 1. Autor, David H,
    2. Frank Levy, and
    3. Richard J Murnane

    . (2003). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (4), 1279–1333.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. 1. Beaudry, Paul,
    2. Mark Doms, and
    3. Ethan Lewis

    . (2010). Should the personal computer be considered a technological revolution? Evidence from US metropolitan areas. Journal of Political Economy, 118 (5), 988–1036.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
21. 1. Beaudry, Paul and
    2. Ethan Lewis

    . (2014). Do male-female wage differentials reflect differences in the return to skill? Cross-city evidence from 1980-2000. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 6 (2), 178–94.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
22. 1. Becker, Gary S,
    2. William HJ Hubbard, and
    3. Kevin M Murphy

    . (2010). Explaining the worldwide boom in higher education of women. Journal of Human Capital, 4 (3), 203–241.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
23. 1. Berndt, Ernst R,
    2. Bronwyn H Hall,
    3. Robert E Hall, and
    4. Jerry A Hausman

    . (1974). Estimation and inference in nonlinear structural models. In Annals of economic and social measurement, volume 3, number 4 (pp. 653–665). NBER.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
24. 1. Black, Sandra E and
    2. Alexandra Spitz-Oener

    . (2010). Explaining women’s success: Technological change and the skill content of women’s work. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92 (1), 187–194.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
25. 1. Borghans, Lex,
    2. Bas Ter Weel, and
    3. Bruce A. Weinberg

    . (2014). People skills and the labormarket outcomes of underrepresented groups. ILR Review, 67 (2), 287–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391406700202

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
26. 1. Borusyak, Kirill and
    2. Peter Hull

    . (2023). Nonrandom exposure to exogenous shocks. Econometrica, 91 (6), 2155–2185.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
27. 1. Borusyak, Kirill,
    2. Peter Hull, and
    3. Xavier Jaravel

    . (2022). Quasi-experimental shift-share research designs. The Review of Economic Studies, 89 (1), 181–213.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
28. 1. Bound, John,
    2. Michael F Lovenheim, and
    3. Sarah Turner

    . (2010). Why have college completion rates declined? an analysis of changing student preparation and collegiate resources. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2 (3), 129–157.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 1. Cameron, Stephen V and
    2. James J Heckman

    . (1998). Life cycle schooling and dynamic selection bias: Models and evidence for five cohorts of American males. Journal of Political Economy, 106 (2), 262–333.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
30. 1. Carneiro, Pedro,
    2. Karsten T Hansen, and
    3. James J Heckman

    . (2003). Estimating distributions of treatment effects with an application to the returns to schooling and measurement of the effects of uncertainty on college choice. International Economic Review, 44 (2), 361–422.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. 1. Carrell, Scott and
    2. Bruce Sacerdote

    . (2017). Why do college-going interventions work? American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 9 (3), 124–51.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
32. 1. Cerina, Fabio,
    2. Alessio Moro, and
    3. Michelle Rendall

    . (2021). The role of gender in employment polarization. International Economic Review, 62 (4), 1655–1691.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
33. 1. Charles, Kerwin Kofi and
    2. Ming-Ching Luoh

    . (2003). Gender differences in completed schooling. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85 (3), 559–577.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
34. 1. Chuan, Amanda.

    (2022). The impact of oil and gas job opportunities during youth on human capital. Southern Economic Journal, 89 (2), 406–439.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
35. 1. Consoli, Davide,
    2. Giovanni Marin,
    3. Francesco Rentocchini, and
    4. Francesco Vona

    . (2023). Routinization, within-occupation task changes and long-run employment dynamics. Research Policy, 52 (1), 104658.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
36. 1. Cortes, Guido Matias,
    2. Nir Jaimovich,
    3. Christopher J Nekarda, and
    4. Henry E Siu

    . (2020). The dynamics of disappearing routine jobs: A flows approach. Labour Economics, 65, 101823.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
37. 1. Cortes, Guido Matias,
    2. Nir Jaimovich, and
    3. Henry E Siu

    . (2017). Disappearing routine jobs: Who, how, and why? Journal of Monetary Economics, 91, 69–87.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
38. 1. Cortes, Guido Matias,
    2. Nir Jaimovich, and
    3. Henry E Siu

    . (2021). The growing importance of social tasks in high-paying occupations: Implications for sorting. Journal of Human Resources, 0121–11455R1.
39. 1. Cortes, Patricia and
    2. Jessica Pan

    . (2019). Gender, occupational segregation, and automation. Economics Studies at Brookings.
40. 1. Cortés, Patricia,
    2. Ying Feng,
    3. Nicolás Guida-Johnson, and
    4. Jessica Pan

    . (2024). Automation and gender: Implications for occupational segregation and the gender skill gap. NBER Working Paper 32030. https://doi.org/10.3386/w32030
41. 1. de Chaisemartin, Clément and
    2. Ziteng Lei

    . (2022). Are bartik regressions always robust to heterogeneous treatment effects?
42. 1. Decker, Kris De.

    (2016). Why the office needs a typewriter revolution. Low-Tech Magazine. https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2016/11/why-the-office-needs-a-typewriter-revolution.html
43. 1. Di Giacomo, Giuseppe and
    2. Benjamin Lerch

    . (2023). Automation and human capital adjustment: The effect of robots on college enrollment. Journal of Human Resources.
44. 1. Dillender, Marcus and
    2. Eliza Forsythe

    . (2022). Computerization of white collar jobs. NBER Working Paper, (w29866).
45. 1. Doms, Mark and
    2. Ethan Lewis

    . (2010). Should the pc be considered a technological revolution? Evidence from us metropolitan areas. Journal of Political Economy, 118 (5), 988–1036.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
46. 1. Dougherty, Christopher.

    (2005). Why are the returns to schooling higher for women than for men? Journal of Human Resources, 40 (4), 969–988.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
47. 1. Duran-Franch, Joana.

    (2020). Oh, man! What happened to women? The blurring of genderbased occupational segregation.
48. 1. Eisenhauer, Philipp,
    2. James J Heckman, and
    3. Stefano Mosso

    . (2015). Estimation of dynamic discrete choice models by maximum likelihood and the simulated method of moments. International Economic Review, 56 (2), 331–357.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
49. 1. Feng, Ying,
    2. Jie Ren, and
    3. Michelle Rendall

    . (2023). The reversal of the gender education gap with economic development. Centre for Economic Policy Research.
50. 1. Ferguson, Thomas S.

    (1983). Bayesian density estimation by mixtures of normal distributions. In Recent Advances in Statistics (pp. 287–302). Elsevier.
51. 1. Ge, Suqin and
    2. Yu Zhou

    . (2020). Robots, computers, and the gender wage gap. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 178, 194–222.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
52. 1. Goldin, Claudia and
    2. Lawrence F. Katz

    . (2010, March). The race between education and technology. Harvard University Press. https://www.ebook.de/de/product/8524705/claudia_goldin_lawrence_f_katz_the_race_between_education_and_technology.html
53. 1. Goldin, Claudia,
    2. Lawrence F Katz, and
    3. Ilyana Kuziemko

    . (2006). The homecoming of American college women: The reversal of the college gender gap. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (4), 133–156.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
54. 1. Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul,
    2. Isaac Sorkin, and
    3. Henry Swift

    . (2020). Bartik instruments: What, when, why, and how. American Economic Review, 110 (8), 2586–2624.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
55. 1. Goos, Maarten,
    2. Alan Manning, and
    3. Anna Salomons

    . (2009). Job polarization in europe. American Economic Review, 99 (2), 58–63.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
56. 1. Goos, Maarten,
    2. Alan Manning, and
    3. Anna Salomons

    . (2014). Explaining job polarization: Routine-biased technological change and offshoring. American Economic Review, 104 (8), 2509–26.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
57. 1. Graetz, Georg and
    2. Guy Michaels

    . (2018). Robots at work. Review of Economics and Statistics, 100 (5), 753–768.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
58. 1. Hahn, Jinyong,
    2. Guido Kuersteiner,
    3. Andres Santos, and
    4. Wavid Willigrod

    . (2024). Overidentification in shift-share designs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.17049.
59. 1. Heckman, James J,
    2. John Eric Humphries, and
    3. Gregory Veramendi

    . (2018). Returns to education: The causal effects of education on earnings, health, and smoking. Journal of Political Economy, 126 (S1), S197–S246.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
60. 1. Heckman, James J,
    2. Jora Stixrud, and
    3. Sergio Urzua

    . (2006). The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior. Journal of Labor Economics, 24 (3), 411–482.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
61. 1. Huang, Lingwen.

    (2014). A revolution in education: Determinants of the gender gap reversal [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania].
62. 1. Jacob, Brian A.

    (2002). Where the boys aren’t: Non-cognitive skills, returns to school and the gender gap in higher education. Economics of Education Review, 21 (6), 589–598.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
63. 1. Juhn, Chinhui,
    2. Gergely Ujhelyi, and
    3. Carolina Villegas-Sanchez

    . (2014). Men, women, and machines: How trade impacts gender inequality. Journal of Development Economics, 106, 179–193.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
64. 1. Keane, Michael P and
    2. Kenneth I Wolpin

    . (1997). The career decisions of young men. Journal of Political Economy, 105 (3), 473–522.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
65. 1. Keane, Michael P and
    2. Kenneth I Wolpin

    . (2001). The effect of parental transfers and borrowing constraints on educational attainment. International Economic Review, 42 (4), 1051–1103.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
66. 1. Lafortune, Jeanne,
    2. Ethan Lewis, and
    3. José Tessada

    . (2019). People and machines: A look at the evolving relationship between capital and skill in manufacturing, 1860–1930, using immigration shocks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 101 (1), 30–43.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
67. 1. Lafortune, Jeanne,
    2. Ethan G Lewis,
    3. José Pablo Marténez, and
    4. José Tessada

    . (2021). Changing returns to scale in manufacturing 1880-1930: The rise of (skilled) labor? (Tech. rep.). National Bureau of Economic Research.
68. 1. Lee, David L,
    2. Justin McCrary,
    3. Marcelo J Moreira, and
    4. Jack Porter

    . (2020). Valid t-ratio inference for IV. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.05058.
69. 1. Lewis, Ethan.

    (2011). Immigration, skill mix, and capital skill complementarity. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126 (2), 1029–1069.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
70. 1. Mazzolari, Francesca and
    2. Giuseppe Ragusa

    . (2013). Spillovers from high-skill consumption to low-skill labor markets. Review of Economics and Statistics, 95 (1), 74–86.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
71. 1. Neal, Derek A and
    2. William R Johnson

    . (1996). The role of premarket factors in black-white wage differences. Journal of Political Economy, 104 (5), 869–895.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
72. 1. Ngai, L Rachel and
    2. Barbara Petrongolo

    . (2017). Gender gaps and the rise of the service economy. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 9 (4), 1–44.

    OpenUrl
73. 1. Olea, José Luis Montiel and
    2. Carolin Pflueger

    . (2013). A robust test for weak instruments. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 31 (3), 358–369.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
74. 1. Olivetti, Claudia and
    2. Barbara Petrongolo

    . (2014). Gender gaps across countries and skills: Demand, supply and the industry structure. Review of Economic Dynamics, 17 (4), 842–859.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
75. 1. Olivetti, Claudia and
    2. Barbara Petrongolo

    . (2016). The evolution of gender gaps in industrialized countries. Annual Review of Economics, 8, 405–434.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
76. 1. Olivieri, Elisa.

    (2014). Occupational choice and the college gender gap [Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago].
77. 1. Petrongolo, Barbara and
    2. Maddalena Ronchi

    . (2020). Gender gaps and the structure of local labor markets. Labour Economics, 64, 101819.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
78. 1. Pitt, Mark M,
    2. Mark R Rosenzweig, and
    3. Mohammad Nazmul Hassan

    . (2012). Human capital investment and the gender division of labor in a brawn-based economy. American Economic Review, 102 (7), 3531–60.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
79. 1. Prada, María F and
    2. Sergio Urzúa

    . (2017). One size does not fit all: Multiple dimensions of ability, college attendance, and earnings. Journal of Labor Economics, 35 (4), 953–991.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
80. 1. Rendali, Michelle.

    (2017). Brain versus brawn: The realization of women’s comparative advantage. University of Zurich, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, Working Paper, (491).
81. 1. Roys, Nicolas A and
    2. Christopher R Taber

    . (2019). Skill prices, occupations, and changes in the wage structure for low skilled men (tech. rep.). National Bureau of Economic Research.
82. 1. Ruggles, Steven,
    2. Sarah Flood,
    3. Sophia Foster,
    4. Ronald Goeken,
    5. Jose Pacas,
    6. Megan Schouweiler, and
    7. Matthew Sobek

    . (2021). IPUMS USA: Version 11.0. https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V11.0
83. 1. Spitz-Oener, Alexandra.

    (2006). Technical change, job tasks, and rising educational demands: Looking outside the wage structure. Journal of Labor Economics, 24 (2), 235–270.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
84. 1. Tinbergen, Jan.

    (1974). Substitution of graduate by other labour. Kyklos: International Review for Social Sciences.
85. 1. Todd, Petra E. and
    2. Weilong Zhang

    . (2020). A dynamic model of personality, schooling, and occupational choice. Quantitative Economics, 11 (1), 231–275. https://doi.org/10.3982/qe890

    OpenUrlCrossRef
86. 1. Welch, Finis.

    (2000). Growth in women’s relative wages and in inequality among men: One phenomenon or two? American Economic Review, 90 (2), 444–449.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
87. Why the future at U.S. colleges is female. (2021). Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/college-campus-men-women-gender-gap-role-imbalance-feminism-woke-trade-school-11632257601
88. 1. Yamaguchi, Shintaro.

    (2018). Changes in returns to task-specific skills and gender wage gap. Journal of Human Resources, 53 (1), 32–70.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text