Heterogeneous Returns to Active Labour Market Programs for Indigenous Populations

References

1. 1. Akee, R.,
   2. E. Mykerezi, and
   3. R. M. Todd

   . 2018. “Reservation Nonemployer and Employer Establishments: Data from US Census Longitudinal Business Databases.” Technical report, US Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies.
2. 1. Andersson, F.,
   2. H. J. Holzer,
   3. J. I. Lane,
   4. D. Rosenblum, and
   5. J. Smith

   . 2024. “Does federally-funded job training work? Non-experimental estimates of WIA training impacts using longitudinal data on workers and firms.” Journal of Human Resources 59(4): 1244–1283.

   OpenUrlFREE Full Text
3. 1. Angrist, J. D.,
   2. G. W. Imbens, and
   3. D. B. Rubin

   . 1996. “Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 91 (434): 444–455.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
4. 1. Austin, P. C.

   2009. “ Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples.” Statistics in Medicine 28(25): 3083–107.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2022. “ Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population summary.” Available at https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/australia-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-population-summary. Last Accessed June 17, 2024.
6. Bureau of Indian Affairs. 2023. “ Fiscal Year 2023 The Interior Budget in Brief, Bureau of Indian Affairs.” Available at https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/fy2023-bib-bia-508.pdf. Last Accessed June 17, 2024.
7. 1. Button, P., and
   2. B. Walker

   . 2020. “ Employment discrimination against Indigenous peoples in the United States: Evidence from a field experiment.” Labour Economics 65(4): 101851.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
8. Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business. 2016. “ Promise and Prosperity: The 2016 Aboriginal Business Survey.” https://www.ccab.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/CCAB-PP-Report-V2-SQ-Pages.pdf. Last Accessed February 2, 2022.
9. 1. Card, D.,
   2. J. Kluve, and
   3. A. Weber

   . 2010. “Active labour market policy evaluations: A meta-analysis.” The Economic Journal 120(548): F452–F477.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
10. 1. Card, D.,
    2. J. Kluve, and
    3. A. Weber

    . 2018. “ What works? A meta-analysis of recent active labor market program evaluations.” Journal of the European Economic Association 16(3):894–931.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
11. 1. Carlos, A. M.,
    2. D. Feir, and
    3. A. Redish

    . 2022. “Indigenous nations and the development of the U.S. economy: Land, resources, and dispossession.” The Journal of Economic History 82(2): 516–555.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
12. 1. Cinelli, C., and
    2. C. Hazlett

    . 2020. “Making sense of sensitivity: Extending omitted variable bias.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology 82(1): 39–67.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. 1. Cobb-Clark, D. A.,
    2. N. Kettlewell,
    3. S. Schurer, and
    4. S. Silburn

    . 2023. “ The effect of quarantining welfare on school attendance in Indigenous communities.” Journal of Human Resources 58(6): 2072–2110.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
14. 1. Crépon, B., and
    2. G. J. Van Den Berg

    . 2016. “ Active labor market policies.” Annual
15. 1. Crump, R. K.,
    2. V. J. Hotz,
    3. G. W. Imbens, and
    4. O. A. Mitnik

    . 2009. “ Dealing with limited overlap in estimation of average treatment effects.” Biometrika 96(1): 187–199.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
16. 1. Dehejia, R. H., and
    2. S. Wahba

    1999. “ Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Reevaluating the evaluation of training programs.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 94(448): 1053–1062.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
17. 1. Dehejia, R. H., and
    2. S. Wahba

    . 2002. “ Propensity Score-Matching Methods for Nonexperimental Causal Studies.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 84 (1), 151–161.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
18. 1. Dell, M.

    2010. “ The persistent effects of Peru’s mining mita.” Econometrica 78(6): 1863–1903.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. 1. DeWeaver, N.

    2010. Indian workers and the reservation labor market: Reality, research and a way forward. https://doe.state.wy.us/LMI/LAUS/LM-dynamics-in-reservation-areas-9-1-14.pdf. Last accessed February 26, 2022.
20. 1. Dippel, C.

    2014. Forced coexistence and economic development: Evidence from Native American reservations. Econometrica 82(6): 2131–2165.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
21. 1. Doremus, J.

    2019. Unintended impacts from forest certification: Evidence from Indigenous Aka households in Congo. Ecological Economics 166: 106378.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
22. 1. Doyle, M.-A.,
    2. S. Schurer, and
    3. S. Silburn

    . 2022. Unintended consequences of welfare reform: Evidence from birthweight of Aboriginal children in Australia. Journal of Health Economics 84: 102618.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
23. 1. Drost, H.

    1994. Schooling, vocational training and unemployment: The case of Canadian Aboriginals. Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques 20(1): 52–65.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
24. Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC). 2019, March. Backgrounder: Aboriginal Skills and Employment Training Strategy. Technical report. Available at https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/news/2019/03/backgrounder-aboriginal-skills-and-employment-training-strategy.html. Last Accessed July 19th, 2020.
25. Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC). 2020. Evaluation of the Aboriginal Skills And Employment Training Strategy and the Skills And Partnership Fund. Technical report. Available at https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/reports/evaluations/aboriginal-skills-employment-training-strategy-skills-partnership-fund.html. Last Accessed July 20, 2020.
26. 1. Feir, D.

    2013. Size, structure, and change: Exploring the sources of Aboriginal earnings gaps in 1995 and 2005. Canadian Public Policy 39 (2): 309–334.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
27. 1. Feir, D.

    2022. Doing business in Indian Country. Center for Indian Country Development, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2022/doing-business-in-indian-country. Last Accessed February 2, 2022.
28. 1. Feir, D., and
    2. D. Scoones

    . 2023. Chapter 11 “Leading the Way: First Nations in Canadian Fiscal Federalism,” in Fiscal Federalism in Canada: Analysis, Evaluation, Prescription, edited by
29. 1. Feir, D. L.,
    2. K. Foley, and
    3. M. E. Jones

    . 2022. “Heterogeneous returns to active labour market programs for Indigenous populations.” Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working paper 30158.
30. 1. Feir, D. L.,
    2. R. Gillezeau, and
    3. M. E. Jones

    . 2024. “ The slaughter of the bison and reversal of fortunes on the Great Plains.” Review of Economic Studies 9 (3): 1634–1670.

    OpenUrl
31. 1. George, P., and
    2. P. Kuhn

    . 1994. “The size and structure of native-white wage differentials in Canada.” Canadian Journal of Economics 2 7(1): 20–42.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
32. Government of Canada. 2024. “ EI regular benefits: How much you could receive.” Last Modified: 2024-12-31.
33. 1. Greenberg, D. H.,
    2. C. Michalopoulos, and
    3. P. K. Robins

    . 2003. “ A meta-analysis of government-sponsored training programs.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 57(1): 31–53.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
34. 1. Heckman, J. J.,
    2. H. Ichimura, and
    3. P. Todd

    . 1998. “ Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator.” The Review of Economic Studies 65(2): 261–294.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
35. 1. Heinrich, C. J. and
    2. P. Mueser

    . 2014. “Training program impacts and the onset of the great recession.” Unpublished manuscript. University of Missouri.
36. 1. Howe, E.

    2011. “Bridging the Aboriginal education gap in Saskatchewan.” Technical report, Gabriel Dumont Institute.
37. 1. Howe, E.

    2013. “ Bridging the Aboriginal education gap in Alberta.” Technical report, Rupertsland Centre for Métis Research.
38. 1. Hu, M.,
    2. A. Daley, and
    3. C. Warman

    . 2019. “Literacy, numeracy, technology skill, and labour market outcomes among Indigenous Peoples in Canada.” Canadian Public Policy 45(1): 48–73.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
39. 1. Imbens, G. W.

    2015. “ Matching methods in practice.” The Journal of Human Resources 50(2): 373–419.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
40. 1. Imbens, G. W., and
    2. D. B. Rubin

    . 2015. Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences. Cambridge University Press.
41. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 2016. “ 2015-216 Departmental Performance Report.” https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/aanc-inac/R1-70-2016-eng.pdf, Last accessed on 2024-06-17.
42. Indigenous Services Canada. 2023. “An update on the socio-economic gaps between Indigenous Peoples and the non-Indigenous population in Canada: Highlights from the 2021 Census: A Compendium Report to the Department’s 2023 Annual Report to Parliament.” Available at https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1690909773300/1690909797208. Last Accessed June 17, 2024.
43. 1. Jafri, H., and
    2. A. Alasia

    . 2019. A profile of businesses in Indigenous communities in Canada. Statistics Canada.
44. 1. Jansen, A. J.,
    2. L. A. White,
    3. E. Dhuey,
    4. D. Foster, and
    5. M. Perlman

    . 2019. “Training and skills development policy options for the changing world of work.” Canadian Public Policy 45(4): 460–482.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
45. 1. Jones, M. E.

    2023. “Post-secondary funding and the educational attainment of Indigenous students.” Economics of Education Review 97:102475.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
46. 1. Kuhn, P., and
    2. A. Sweetman

    . 2002. “ Aboriginals as unwilling immigrants: Contact, assimilation and labour market outcomes.” Journal of Population Economics 15(2): 331–355.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
47. 1. LaLonde, R. J.

    1995. “ The promise of public sector-sponsored training programs.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 9(2): 149–168.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
48. 1. Lamb, D.

    2013. “Earnings inequality among Aboriginal groups in Canada.” Journal of Labor Research 34(2): 224–240.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
49. 1. Lechner, M., and
    2. C. Wunsch

    . 2013. “ Sensitivity of matching-based program evaluations to the availability of control variables.” Labour Economics 21: 111–121.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
50. 1. Leonard, B.,
    2. D. P. Parker, and
    3. T. L. Anderson

    . 2020. “ Land quality, land rights, and Indigenous poverty.” Journal of Development Economics 143: 102435.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
51. 1. McColeman, P.

    2014. “ Renewal of the Aboriginal skills and employment training strategy and other programs.” In Opportunities for Aboriginal Persons in the workforce: Report of the Standing Committee on Human Resources, Skills and Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities, ed. Standing Committee on Human Resources, Skills and Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities, 37–58. Ottawa. 41st Parliament, Second Session. Available at https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/412/HUMA/Reports/RP6541331/humarp04/humarp04-e.pdf. Last Accessed July 19, 2020.
52. 1. Milligan, K.

    2016. “Canadian tax and credit simulator. Database, software and documentation, Version 2016-2”.
53. National Indigenous Australians Agency. 2024. Indigenous Skills and Employment Program (ISEP). niaa.gov.au/our-work/employment-and-economic-development/indigenous-skills-and-employment-program-isep#:~:text=The%20Indigenous% 20Skills%20and%20Employment,training%20and%20job%2Dready%20activities., Last Accessed on 2024-06-17.
54. New Zealand Ministry of Social Development. 2024. Māori Trades and Training Fund. https://workandincome.govt.nz/providers/programmes-and-projects/maori-trades-and-training-fund.html, Last accessed on 2024-06-17.
55. Office of the Auditor General of Canada. 2018. Employment training for Indigenous people— Employment and Social Development Canada. Technical report, Ottawa, Ontario.
56. 1. Oster, E.

    2019. Unobservable selection and coefficient stability: Theory and evidence. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 37(2): 187–204.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
57. 1. Pendakur, K., and
    2. R. Pendakur

    . 2011. Aboriginal income disparity in Canada. Canadian Public Policy 37(1): 61–83.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
58. 1. Richard, G.,
    2. J. Calla, and
    3. A. L. Dressay

    . 2008. The high costs of doing business on First
59. 1. Robins, J. M., and
    2. A. Rotnitzky

    . 1995. Semiparametric efficiency in multivariate regression models with missing data. Journal of the American Statistical Association 90(429): 122–129.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
60. 1. Robins, J. M.,
    2. A. Rotnitzky, and
    3. L. P. Zhao

    . 1994. Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed. Journal of the American Statistical Association 89(427): 846–866.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
61. 1. Rosenbaum, P. R., and
    2. D. B. Rubin

    . 1983. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 70 (1): 41–55.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
62. 1. Rubin, D. B.

    1974. Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies. Journal of Educational Psychology 66(5): 688–701.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
63. 1. Scharfstein, D. O.,
    2. A. Rotnitzky, and
    3. J. M. Robins

    . 1999. Rejoinder. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94(448): 1135–1146.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
64. Statistics Canada. 2016. 2016 Census of Population. Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016118.
65. Statistics Canada. 2017. Aboriginal peoples highlight tables, 2016 census.
66. Technical report. Published in The Daily, Catalogue no.: 98-402-X2016009. Available at https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/abo-aut/index-eng.cfm. Last Accessed June 28th, 2020.
67. Statistics Canada. 2024. Statistics Canada. Table 14-10-0370-01 Average hourly and weekly wages and average usual weekly hours by Indigenous group, inactive. Available at https://doi.org/10.25318/1410037001-eng. Last Accessed June 20, 2024.
68. Statistics New Zealand, New Zealand Government 2020. Māori population estimates: At 30 June 2020. Available at https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/maori-population-estimates-at-30-june-2020/#:~:text=At%2030%20June%202020%3A,males%20and%20426%2C800%20M%C4%81ori%20females. Last Accessed June 17, 2024.
69. The World Bank Group. 2023. Indigenous Peoples. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/indigenouspeoples. Last accessed July 15, 2024.
70. Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. 2021. Open government, grants and contributions. Technical report, Government of Canada.
71. United States Census Bureau. 2022. “Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census.” Available at https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html. Last Accessed June 17, 2024.
72. U.S. Department of Labor. 2020. Division of Indian & Native American Programs (DINAP) Defining Public Law 102-477. https://www.doleta.gov/dinap/directories/477list/477gInc1/, Last accessed on 2020-04-23.
73. U.S. Department of Labor. 2023. “Training and Employment Guidance Letter” No. 13-22 PY 2023 Funding Allotments. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/advisories/TEGL/2022/TEGL%2013-22/TEGL%2013-22.pdf, Last accessed on 2024-06-17.
74. 1. Walters, D.,
    2. J. White, and
    3. P. Maxim

    . 2004. “ Does postsecondary education benefit Aboriginal Canadians? An examination of earnings and employment outcomes for recent Aboriginal graduates.” Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques, 283–301.
75. 1. Wood, D. E.

    2016. “From Pathways to ‘ASETS’ in Aboriginal Employment Programming.” In How Ottawa Spends, 2015-2016: The Liberal Rise and the Tory Demis, ed. C. Stoney, and G. B. Doern, 398–443. Ottawa: School of Public Policy and Administration Carleton University.