Immigration Enforcement and Origin Country Labor Markets

References

1. 1. Abarcar, Paolo and
   2. Caroline Theoharides,

   “Medical Worker Migration and Origin-Country Human Capital: Evidence from US Visa Policy,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 2024, 106 (1), 20–35.

   OpenUrl
2. 1. Adão, Rodrigo,
   2. Michal Kolesár, and
   3. Eduardo Morales,

   “Shift-Share Designs: Theory and Inference,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2019, 134 (4), 1949–2010.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
3. 1. Adão, Rodrigo,
   2. Michal Kolesár, and
   3. Xiang Zhang,

   “REG SS: Stata Module to Compute Confidence Intervals, Standard Errors, and P-Values in a Linear Regression in Which the Regressor of Interest Has a Shift-Share Structure,” Statistical Software Components S458758, Boston College Department of Economics 2020. Revised November 16, 2024.
4. 1. Ali, Umair,
   2. Jessica H Brown, and
   3. Chris M Herbst,

   “Secure Communities as Immigration Enforcement: How Secure Is the Child Care Market?,” Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 233, 105101.

   OpenUrl
5. 1. Almuhaisen, Abdulmohsen,
   2. Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, and
   3. Delia Furtado,

   “Immigration Enforcement and the Institutionalization of Elderly Americans,” Journal of Health Economics, 2024, 94, 102859.

   OpenUrlPubMed
6. 1. Alsan, Marcella and
   2. Crystal S Yang,

   “Fear and the Safety Net: Evidence from Secure Communities,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 2022, pp. 1–45.
7. 1. Altonji, Joseph G and
   2. David Card,

   “The Effects of Immigration on the Labor Market Outcomes of Less-Skilled Natives,” in John M Abowd and Richard B Freeman, eds., Immigration, Trade, and the Labor Market, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991, pp. 201–234.
8. 1. Ambrosius, Christian,

   “Deportations and the Transnational Roots of Gang Violence in Central America,” World Development, 2021, 140, 105373.

   OpenUrl
9. 1. Ambrosius, Christian and
   2. David A Leblang,

   “A Deportation Boomerang? Evidence from U.S. Removals to Latin America and the Caribbean,” Demography, 2025, 62 (2), 419–439.

   OpenUrlPubMed
10. American Immigration Council, “The Cost of Immigration Enforcement and Border Security,” Fact Sheet August 2024. Published August 14, 2024. Available at https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/fact-sheet/the-cost-of-immigration-enforcement-and-border-security/, accessed June 12, 2026.
11. 1. Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina and
    2. Esther Arenas-Arroyo,

    “Police Trust and Domestic Violence among Immigrants: Evidence from VAWA Self-Petitions,” Journal of Economic Geography, 2022, 22 (2), 395–422.

    OpenUrl
12. 1. Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina and
    2. Thitima Puttitanun,

    “Remittances and Immigration Enforcement,” IZA Journal of Migration, 2014, 3 (1), 6.

    OpenUrl
13. 1. Autor, David H and
    2. David Dorn,

    “The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market,” American Economic Review, 2013, 103 (5), 1553–1597.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
14. 1. Bahar, Dany,
    2. Andreas Hauptmann,
    3. Cem Özgüzel, and
    4. Hillel Rapoport,

    “Migration and Knowledge Diffusion: The Effect of Returning Refugees on Export Performance in the Former Yugoslavia,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 2024, 106 (2), 287–304.

    OpenUrl
15. 1. Bandiera, Antonella,
    2. Lelys Dinarte Diaz,
    3. Sandra V Rozo,
    4. Carlos Schmidt-Padilla,
    5. María Micaela Sviatschi, and
    6. Hernan Winkler,

    “The Unintended Consequences of Deportations: Evidence from Firm Behavior in El Salvador,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2023, 71 (4), 1331–1358.

    OpenUrl
16. 1. Bohnet, Lara,
    2. Susana Peralta, and
    3. Joao Pereira dos Santos,

    “Cousins from Overseas: How the Existing Workforce Adapts to a Massive Forced Return Migration Shock,” European Economic Review, 2025, 172, 104925.

    OpenUrl
17. 1. Borusyak, Kirill,
    2. Peter Hull, and
    3. Xavier Jaravel,

    “Quasi-Experimental Shift-Share Research Designs,” The Review of Economic Studies, 2022, 89 (1), 181–213.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
18. 1. Bucheli, José R and
    2. Matías Fontenla,

    “The Impact of Return Migration on Economic Development,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 2022, pp. 1–45.
19. 1. Bucheli, José R and
    2. Benjamin James Waddell,

    “Return Migration and Violence,” World Development, 2019, 116, 113–124.

    OpenUrl
20. 1. Caballero, María Esther,

    “The Effects of Immigration Enforcement on Educational Investments in Migrants’ Source Regions,” 2020. Unpublished.
21. 1. Caballero, María Esther,
    2. Brian C Cadena, and
    3. Brian K Kovak,

    “Measuring Geographic Migration Patterns Using Matrículas Consulares,” Demography, 2018, 55 (3), 1119–1145.

    OpenUrlPubMed
22. 1. Caballero, María Esther,
    2. Brian Cadena, and
    3. Brian K Kovak,

    “The International Transmission of Local Economic Shocks through Migrant Networks,” Journal of International Economics, 2023, 145, 103832.

    OpenUrlPubMed
23. 1. Cameron, A Colin and
    2. Douglas L Miller,

    “A Practitioner’s Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference,” Journal of Human Resources, 2015, 50 (2), 317–372.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
24. 1. Cameron, A Colin,
    2. Jonah B Gelbach, and
    3. Douglas L Miller,

    “Bootstrap-Based Improvements for Inference with Clustered Errors,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2008, 90 (3), 414–427.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
25. 1. Carrington, William J and
    2. Pedro JF De Lima,

    “The Impact of 1970s Repatriates from Africa on the Portuguese Labor Market,” ILR Review, 1996, 49 (2), 330–347.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
26. 1. Caruso, German,
    2. Christian Gomez Canon, and
    3. Valerie Mueller,

    “Spillover Effects of the Venezuelan Crisis: Migration Impacts in Colombia,” Oxford Economic Papers, 2021, 73 (2), 771–795.

    OpenUrl
27. 1. Ciancio, Alberto and
    2. Camilo García-Jimeno,

    “The Political Economy of Immigration Enforcement: Conflict and Cooperation under Federalism,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 2022, pp. 1–49.
28. 1. Cohn, D’Vera,
    2. Jeffrey S. Passel, and
    3. Ana Gonzalez-Barrera,

    “Rise in US Immigrants from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras Outpaces Growth from Elsewhere,” Pew Research Center 2017. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/2017/12/07/rise-in-u-s-immigrants-from-el-salvador-guatemala-and-honduras-outpaces-growth-from-elsewhere/, accessed June 11, 2026.
29. 1. Colella, Fabrizio,
    2. Rafael Lalive,
    3. Seyhun Orcan Sakalli, and
    4. Mathias Thoenig,

    “Inference with Arbitrary Clustering,” IZA Discussion Paper 12584 2019.
30. 1. Conley, Timothy G,

    “GMM Estimation with Cross Sectional Dependence,” Journal of Econometrics, 1999, 92(1), 1–45.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. 1. Conover, Emily,
    2. Melanie Khamis, and
    3. Sarah Pearlman,

    “Declining Outmigration and Local Labor Markets,” Journal of Human Resources, 2023, 58 (6), 1948–1973.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
32. 1. Cox, Adam B and
    2. Thomas J Miles,

    “Policing Immigration,” University of Chicago Law Review, 2013, 80, 87.

    OpenUrl
33. 1. Cuadros-Menaca, Andres and
    2. Arya Gaduh,

    “Remittances, Child Labor, and Schooling: Evidence from Colombia,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2020, 68 (4), 1257–1293.

    OpenUrl
34. 1. Delgado-Prieto, Lukas,

    “Immigration, Wages, and Employment under Informal Labor Markets,” Journal of Population Economics, 2024, 37, 55.

    OpenUrl
35. 1. Dinkelman, Taryn and
    2. Martine Mariotti,

    “The Long-Run Effects of Labor Migration on Human Capital Formation in Communities of Origin,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2016, 8 (4), 1–35.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
36. 1. Dinkelman, Taryn,
    2. Grace Kumchulesi, and
    3. Martine Mariotti

    , “Labor Migration, Capital Accumulation, and the Structure of Rural Labor Markets,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 2024, pp. 1–46.
37. 1. Diodato, Dario,
    2. Ricardo Hausmann, and
    3. Frank Neffke

    , “The Impact of Return Migration on Employment and Wages in Mexican Cities,” Journal of Urban Economics, 2023, 135, 103557.

    OpenUrl
38. 1. Dustmann, Christian,
    2. Uta Schönberg, and
    3. Jan Stuhler

    , “The Impact of Immigration: Why Do Studies Reach Such Different Results?,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2016, 30 (4), 31–56.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
39. 1. East, Chloe N,
    2. Annie Laurie Hines,
    3. Philip Luck,
    4. Hani Mansour, and
    5. Andrea Velasquez

    , “The Labor Market Effects of Immigration Enforcement,” Journal of Labor Economics, 2023, 41 (4), 957–996.

    OpenUrl
40. 1. Edo, Anthony,

    “The Impact of Immigration on Wage Dynamics: Evidence from the Algerian Independence War,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 2020, 18 (6), 3210–3260.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
41. 1. Esen, Oǧuz and
    2. Ayla Oǧus Binatli,

    “The Impact of Syrian Refugees on the Turkish Economy: Regional Labour Market Effects,” Social Sciences, 2017, 6 (4), 129.

    OpenUrl
42. 1. Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul,
    2. Isaac Sorkin, and
    3. Henry Swift

    , “Bartik Instruments: What, When, Why, and How,” American Economic Review, 2020, 110 (8), 2586–2624.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
43. 1. Gonçalves, Felipe,
    2. Elisa Jácome, and
    3. Emily Weisburst

    , “Immigration Enforcement and Public Safety,” NBER Working Paper 32109 2024.
44. 1. Gröger, André,

    “Easy Come, Easy Go? Economic Shocks, Labor Migration and the Family Left Behind,” Journal of International Economics, 2021, 128, 103409.

    OpenUrl
45. 1. Hanson, Gordon H and
    2. Christopher Woodruff,

    “Emigration and Educational Attainment in Mexico,” 2003. Unpublished.
46. 1. Hanson, Gordon H and
    2. Craig McIntosh,

    “The Great Mexican Emigration,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2010, 92(4), 798–810.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
47. 1. Hines, Annie Laurie and
    2. Giovanni Peri,

    “Immigrants’ Deportations, Local Crime and Police Effectiveness,” IZA Discussion Paper 12413 2019.
48. 1. Hunt, Jennifer,

    “The Impact of the 1962 Repatriates from Algeria on the French Labor Market,” ILR Review, 1992, 45 (3), 556–572.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
49. Institute for Economics and Peace, “Mexico Peace Index 2015,” Report, Institute for Economics and Peace 2015. Available at https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/191426/Mexico%20Peace%20Index%20Report%202015_1.pdf, accessed June 12, 2026.
50. 1. Jaeger, David A,
    2. Joakim Ruist, and
    3. Jan Stuhler,

    “Shift-Share Instruments and the Impact of Immigration,” NBER Working Paper 24285 2018.
51. 1. Kalhan, Anil,

    “Immigration Policing and Federalism through the Lens of Technology, Surveillance, and Privacy,” Ohio State Law Journal, 2013, 74, 1105.

    OpenUrl
52. 1. Kalsi, Priti,

    “The Impact of US Deportation of Criminals on Gang Development and Education in El Salvador,” Journal of Development Economics, 2018, 135, 433–448.

    OpenUrl
53. 1. Khanna, Gaurav,
    2. Emir Murathanoglu,
    3. Caroline B Theoharides, and
    4. Dean Yang,

    “Abundance from Abroad: Migrant Income and Long-Run Economic Development,” American Economic Review, 2026, 116 (4), 1540–1577.

    OpenUrl
54. 1. Kleemans, Marieke and
    2. Jeremy Magruder,

    “Labour Market Responses to Immigration: Evidence from Internal Migration Driven by Weather Shocks,” The Economic Journal, 2018, 128 (613), 2032–2065.

    OpenUrl
55. 1. Lebow, Jeremy,

    “The Labor Market Effects of Venezuelan Migration to Colombia: Reconciling Conflicting Results,” IZA Journal of Development and Migration, 2022, 13 (1).
56. 1. Lebow, Jeremy,

    “Immigration and Occupational Downgrading in Colombia,” Journal of Development Economics, 2024, 166, 103164.

    OpenUrl
57. 1. Massey, Douglas S and
    2. Felipe García España,

    “The Social Process of International Migration,” Science, 1987, 237 (4816), 733–738.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
58. 1. Massey, Douglas S and
    2. Karen A Pren,

    “Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Policy: Explaining the Post-1965 Surge from Latin America,” Population and Development Review, 2012, 38 (1), 1–29.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
59. 1. Massey, Douglas S,
    2. Jacob S Rugh, and
    3. Karen A Pren,

    “The Geography of Undocumented Mexican Migration,” Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, 2010, 26 (1), 129–152.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
60. 1. McKenzie, David,
    2. Caroline Theoharides, and
    3. Dean Yang

    , “Distortions in the International Migrant Labor Market: Evidence from Filipino Migration and Wage Responses to Destination Country Economic Shocks,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2014, 6 (2), 49–75.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
61. 1. Medina-Cortina, Eduardo,

    “Deportations, Network Disruptions, and Undocumented Migration,” Unpublished, 2023.
62. 1. Miles, Thomas J and
    2. Adam B Cox,

    “Does Immigration Enforcement Reduce Crime? Evidence from Secure Communities,” The Journal of Law and Economics, 2014, 57 (4), 937–973.

    OpenUrl
63. 1. Mishra, Prachi,

    “Emigration and Wages in Source Countries: Evidence from Mexico,” Journal of Development Economics, 2007, 82 (1), 180–199.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
64. 1. Monras, Joan,

    “Immigration and Wage Dynamics: Evidence from the Mexican Peso Crisis,” Journal of Political Economy, 2020, 128 (8), 3017–3089.

    OpenUrl
65. 1. Morales, Juan S,

    “The Impact of Internal Displacement on Destination Communities: Evidence from the Colombian Conflict,” Journal of Development Economics, 2018, 131, 132–150.

    OpenUrl
66. 1. Munshi, Kaivan,

    “Networks in the Modern Economy: Mexican Migrants in the US Labor Market,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2003, 118 (2), 549–599.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
67. 1. Orrenius, Pia M and
    2. Madeline Zavodny,

    “Self-Selection among Undocumented Immigrants from Mexico,” Journal of Development Economics, 2005, 78 (1), 215–240.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
68. 1. Osuna-Gomez, Daniel and
    2. Eduardo M. Medina-Cortina,

    “The Effect of Immigration Enforcement Abroad on Immigrants’ Home-Country Firms,” Journal of Political Economy Microeconomics, Forthcoming.
69. 1. Passel, Jeffrey S.,
    2. D’Vera Cohn, and
    3. Ana Gonzalez-Barrera,

    “Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero—and Perhaps Less,” Pew Research Center 2012. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/, accessed June 11, 2026.
70. 1. Roodman, David,
    2. Morten Ørregaard Nielsen,
    3. James G MacKinnon, and
    4. Matthew D Webb,

    “Fast and Wild: Bootstrap Inference in Stata Using Boottest,” The Stata Journal, 2019, 19 (1), 4–60.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
71. 1. Rozo, Sandra V,
    2. Therese Anders, and
    3. Steven Raphael,

    “Deportation, Crime, and Victimization,” Journal of Population Economics, 2021, 34 (1), 141–166.

    OpenUrl
72. 1. Ruggles, Steven,
    2. Sarah Flood,
    3. Matthew Sobek,
    4. Daniel Backman,
    5. Annie Chen,
    6. Grace Cooper,
    7. Stephanie Richards,
    8. Renae Rogers, and
    9. Megan Schouweiler

    , “IPUMS USA: Version 15.0 [dataset],” 2024. IPUMS, Minneapolis, MN. Available at https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V15.0, accessed June 12, 2026.
73. 1. Sviatschi, Maria Micaela,

    “US Criminal Deportations and Human Capital in Central America,” in “AEA Papers and Proceedings,” Vol. 109 2019, pp. 239–42.

    OpenUrl
74. 1. Theoharides, Caroline,

    “Manila to Malaysia, Quezon to Qatar: International Migration and Its Effects on Origin-Country Human Capital,” Journal ofHuman Resources, 2018, 53 (4), 1022–1049.

    OpenUrl
75. 1. Tumen, Semih,

    “The Economic Impact of Syrian Refugees on Host Countries: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Turkey,” American Economic Review, 2016, 106 (5), 456–60.

    OpenUrl
76. United Nations, World Social Report 2020: Inequality in a Rapidly Changing World, New York: United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2020.
77. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “Fiscal Year 2019 Enforcement and Removal Operations Report,” 2019. US Department of Homeland Security. Available at https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Document/2019/eroReportFY2019.pdf, accessed June 12, 2026.
78. 1. Watson, Tara,

    “Inside the Refrigerator: Immigration Enforcement and Chilling Effects in Medicaid Participation,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2014, 6 (3), 313–38.

    OpenUrl
79. 1. Woodruff, Christopher M and
    2. Rene Zenteno,

    “Remittances and Microenterprises in Mexico,” UCSD, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies Working Paper 2001.
80. 1. Yang, Dean,

    “International Migration, Remittances and Household Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks,” The Economic Journal, 2008, 118 (528), 591–630.

    OpenUrl