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Research ArticleArticles

The Unintended Consequences of Policing Technology

Evidence from ShotSpotter

Michael Topper and Toshio Ferrazares
Published online before print July 13, 2026, 1024-13929R2; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.1024-13929R2
Michael Topper
**Michael Topper is an Assistant Professor of Economics at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.
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Toshio Ferrazares
**Toshio Ferrazares is an Assistant Professor of Economics at CUNY Hunter College.
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The Unintended Consequences of Policing Technology
Michael Topper, Toshio Ferrazares
Journal of Human Resources Jul 2026, 1024-13929R2; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.1024-13929R2

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The Unintended Consequences of Policing Technology
Michael Topper, Toshio Ferrazares
Journal of Human Resources Jul 2026, 1024-13929R2; DOI: 10.3368/jhr.1024-13929R2
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