RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 The Missing Men JF Journal of Human Resources JO J Hum Resour FD University of Wisconsin Press SP 1209 OP 1241 DO 10.3368/jhr.57.4.0419-10151R1 VO 57 IS 4 A1 Jörn Boehnke A1 Victor Gay YR 2022 UL http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/57/4/1209.abstract AB Using spatial variation in World War I military fatalities in France, we show that the scarcity of men due to the war generated an upward shift in female labor force participation that persisted throughout the interwar period. Available data suggest that increased female labor supply accounts for this result. In particular, deteriorated marriage market conditions for single women and negative income shocks to war widows induced many of these women to enter the labor force after the war. In contrast, demand factors such as substitution toward female labor to compensate for the scarcity of male labor were of second-order importance.