RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Conscription and Military Service JF Journal of Human Resources JO J Hum Resour FD University of Wisconsin Press SP 1715 OP 1757 DO 10.3368/jhr.58.1.0418-9449R2 VO 57 IS 5 A1 Wang, Xintong A1 Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso YR 2022 UL http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/57/5/1715.abstract AB Employing nonparametric bounds, we examine the effect of military service on incarceration outcomes using the Vietnam draft lotteries as a possibly invalid instrumental variable for military service. The draft is allowed to have a direct effect on the outcomes independently of military service, disposing of the exclusion restriction. We find: (i) suggestive but not strong statistical evidence that the direct effect of the draft increases the incarceration rate for violent offenses for a particular cohort of draft avoiders and (ii) military service increases the incarceration rate for violent and nonviolent crimes of white volunteers and veterans in certain birth cohorts.