<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><xml><records><record><source-app name="HighWire" version="7.x">Drupal-HighWire</source-app><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lien, Diana S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, William N.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating the Impact of Large Cigarette Tax Hikes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Human Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005-03-31 00:00:00</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">373-392</style></pages><doi><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3368/jhr.40.2.373</style></doi><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><abstract><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using a statistical matching procedure to choose control groups, we find that four states that adopted large cigarette tax hikes had corresponding decreases in smoking participation of pregnant women. Using the tax hike as an instrument for smoking in birth-weight equations and pooling data across experiments, we find that smoking during pregnancy doubles the chance an infant is born with a low birth weight. Our estimates are similar to single-equation estimates where maternal smoking is treated as exogenous.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>