<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><xml><records><record><source-app name="HighWire" version="7.x">Drupal-HighWire</source-app><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiaotao Ran, Florence</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Di</style></author></authors><secondary-authors></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does Contractual Form Matter?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Human Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019-10-02 00:00:00</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1081-1120</style></pages><doi><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3368/jhr.54.4.0117.8505R</style></doi><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><abstract><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We examine the impact of non-tenure-track faculty by type of employment on students’ academic outcomes in two-and four-year colleges using a two-way fixed-effects model and an instrumental variable approach. We also examine how the estimated effects on student outcomes can be explained by observable instructor characteristics and employment features. We find that non-tenure-track faculty have positive impacts on current course grades but negative impacts on subsequent course outcomes. These negative impacts are stronger for non-tenure-track faculty hired through temporary appointments than for those hired with long-term contracts, which can be explained partly by observable instructor characteristics.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>