Alternate Specifications
| Modification Relative to Table 4 | Algebra I Test Scores (IVQR) | Pass Algebra I by Tenth Grade | Pass Geometry by Eleventh Grade | Pass Algebra II by Twelfth Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Original results (n = 135,752) | −0.451*** (0.009) | 0.0534** (0.016) | −0.108*** (0.013) | −0.0330 (0.021) |
| Omit Charlotte-Mecklenburg (n = 99,808) | −0.594*** (0.046) | 0.0391** (0.015) | −0.0487*** (0.014) | −0.0116 (0.035) |
| Omit Guilford (n = 109,857) | −0.373*** (0.010) | 0.0326 (0.020) | −0.157*** (0.020) | −0.0313 (0.018) |
Notes: Standard errors, corrected for clustering at the decile-cohort-district level, in parentheses. Estimation is by two-stage least squares except as indicated. Algebra I test score is taken from the student’s first test administration. Course passage for Algebra I and Algebra II is defined as obtaining a standardized test score at or above the twentieth percentile of the statewide distribution. Course passage for Geometry is defined as obtaining an achievement level at or above three on the test. Grade-retained students are kept with their original cohort. District, decile, and cohort and fixed effects included but coefficients are not shown in this table. Decile-by-cohort effects also included in the first two models.
↵*** denotes a coefficient significant at the 0.1 percent level,
↵** the 1 percent level,
* the 5 percent level.