Immigration and Natives’ Efforts at School
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Respondents | Mother Had High School or Less | ||||||
| OLS | 2SLS | 2SLS | |||||
| Control for Mother’s Education (Years) | Control for Grade 8 School Quality | Control for Mother’s Education (Years) | Control for Grade 8 School Quality | ||||
| Attitudes in school | |||||||
| 1990: Education important for career | 0.0025 (0.0141) | 0.0281 (0.0246) | 0.0179 (0.025) | 0.0405 (0.026) | −0.0092 (0.0393) | −0.0096 (0.0394) | 0.0069 (0.0396) |
| 1990: Sure to graduate from high school | 0.0072 (0.0094) | −0.0104 (0.0162) | −0.0215 (0.0166) | −0.0038 (0.0164) | −0.0234 (0.0287) | −0.0259 (0.0285) | −0.0122 (0.0283) |
| 1990: Sure to continue education after high school | 0.0226 (0.0179) | 0.097*** (0.0333) | 0.0633** (0.0267) | 0.1121*** (0.0321) | 0.0786* (0.0432) | 0.0732* (0.0421) | 0.0802* (0.0438) |
| Behaviors in school | |||||||
| School attendance composite | 7.9e-04 (0.0017) | 0.0064* (0.0033) | 0.0049 (0.0031) | 0.0103*** (0.0036) | 0.0107*** (0.0041) | 0.0108*** (0.004) | 0.0158*** (0.0043) |
| Homework hours (out of school) | 0.1572 (0.1604) | 0.3287 (0.3065) | 0.116 (0.2741) | 0.5792** (0.2697) | 0.4549 (0.3327) | 0.444 (0.3326) | 0.5304 (0.3427) |
| Took Advanced Placement class | 0.0446** (0.0187) | 0.1161*** (0.0358) | 0.0884*** (0.0307) | 0.144*** (0.0336) | 0.138*** (0.0405) | 0.1372*** (0.0404) | 0.1624*** (0.0421) |
| Took vocational class | −0.0652*** (0.0192) | −0.1601*** (0.0391) | −0.1482*** (0.0372) | −0.1664*** (0.0366) | −0.2489*** (0.0547) | −0.248*** (0.0547) | −0.2443*** (0.0542) |
| Grades composite | 0.0112*** (0.0032) | 0.0248*** (0.0055) | 0.0203*** (0.0051) | 0.029*** (0.0058) | 0.0245*** (0.0071) | 0.0246*** (0.0068) | 0.0285*** (0.0072) |
| Eighth grade test score percentile | 1.805* (1.02) | 5.16** (2.291) | 3.128* (1.647) | 7.466*** (2.25) | 4.206** (2.026) | 4.343** (1.875) | 5.135** (2.017) |
| 12th grade test score percentile | 2.772** (1.128) | 8.713*** (2.814) | 6.265*** (2.09) | 10.02*** (2.772) | 6.673** (3.067) | 6.244** (2.793) | 7.401** (3.06) |
Notes:
↵*** p < 0.01
↵** p < 0.05
↵* p < 0.1. Data from the NELS:88. Each row corresponds to a dependent variable. Table only shows the coefficient on 1990 immigration from OLS or 2SLS specifications (instrument for contemporary immigration is a prediction of low-skilled immigration to the CZ using previous immigrant populations). All models also include a constant, indicators for gender and race/ethnicity, and eighth grade CZ characteristics: percent adult population with a bachelor’s degree, percent population without a high school diploma, and indicators for urbanicity (five of them) and region (three of them). See text for list of school quality controls. Standard errors clustered at eighth grade CZ level.