Table 5

Basic Instrumental Variables Results

Independent VariableAlgebra I Test Scores (IVQR)Pass Algebra I by Tenth GradePass Geometry by Eleventh GradePass Algebra II by Twelfth Grade
Enrolled in Algebra I by eighth grade−0.451***
(0.009)		0.0534**
(0.016)		−0.108***
(0.013)		−0.0330
(0.021)
Male−0.110***
(0.0025)		−0.0357***
(0.005)		−0.0192***
(0.003)		−0.0520***
(0.006)
African-American0.0062
(0.003)		0.00955*
(0.004)		−0.0132***
(0.003)		0.0317***
(0.005)
Hispanic0.0277***
(0.006)		0.0146**
(0.005)		0.00116
(0.006)		0.0289***
(0.006)
Other race0.128***
(0.006)		0.0146**
(0.006)		0.0280***
(0.007)		0.0436***
(0.010)
Free / reduced lunch−0.196***
(0.003)		−0.0570***
(0.006)		−0.0782***
(0.006)		−0.0994***
(0.007)
N135,752135,752135,752135,752
Adjusted R2—0.4850.5260.439

  • Notes: Standard errors, corrected for clustering at the decile-cohort-district level, in parentheses. Estimation is by two-stage least squares except as indicated. Algebra I test score is taken from the student’s first test administration. Course passage for Algebra I and Algebra II is defined as obtaining a standardized test score at or above the twentieth percentile of the statewide distribution. Course passage for Geometry is defined as obtaining an achievement level at or above 3 on the test. Grade-retained students are kept with their original cohort. District, decile, cohort, and decile-by-cohort fixed effects included but coefficients are not shown in this table. Sample consists of CMS, Guilford, and the Group 1 districts identified in Table 2b.

  • ↵*** denotes a coefficient significant at the 0.1 percent level,

  • ↵** the 1 percent level,

  • ↵* the 5 percent level.