First Stage: Predicted and Actual CZ Immigration Flows
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Predicted immigration (IV) | 0.6214*** (0.0594) | 0.6216*** (0.0593) | 0.6232*** (0.0587) |
| Female | −0.0024 (0.0061) | −0.0025 (0.0061) | −0.002 (0.006) |
| Black | −0.0522** (0.0246) | −0.0524** (0.0245) | −0.0697*** (0.0242) |
| Hispanic | −0.003 (0.0298) | −0.0036 (0.0302) | −0.0053 (0.0278) |
| Asian | −0.0617 (0.0421) | −0.0617 (0.0421) | −0.0703* (0.0394) |
| American Indian | −0.033 (0.0357) | −0.0335 (0.0359) | −0.0169 (0.03) |
| Mother’s education (years) | −4.9e–04 (0.0022) | ||
| 11–20 percent limited English | 0.0771 (0.0668) | ||
| 21–30 percent limited English | 0.019 (0.0459) | ||
| 31+ percent limited English | −0.0964* (0.0561) | ||
| Catholic school | −0.1016* (0.054) | ||
| Other private school | −0.0041 (0.0406) | ||
| School enrollment | −2.8e–08 (3.1e–05) | ||
| Student-teacher ratio | 0.0048* (0.0026) | ||
| School percent post-BA teachers | 5.0e–04 (5.4e–04) | ||
| Teacher salary ($1000s) | −5.1e–04 (0.0076) | ||
| School year length (100 hours) | 0.0037 (0.0113) | ||
| District expenditures per student ($1000s) | 0.0361*** (0.0098) | ||
| Observations | 8,820 | 8,820 | 8,820 |
| R-squared | 0.6148 | 0.6148 | 0.6292 |
| First stage F | 109.5 | 109.7 | 112.6 |
Notes:
↵*** p < 0.01
↵** p < 0.05
↵* p < 0.1. Data from the NELS:88. Dependent variable is a 1990 measure of immigration to the respondent’s eighth grade commuting zone (CZ). All models include a constant and characteristics of eighth grade CZ: percent adult population with a BA, percent population without a high school diploma, and indicators for urbanicity (five of them) and region (three of them). Percent limited English refers to the percent of students in the respondent’s eighth grade school cohort who have limited English proficiency. Standard errors clustered at eighth grade CZ level. Sample sizes rounded to the nearest ten for confidentiality restrictions.